Computer Security and Sony Data Breach Essay - 3532 Words

Information Systems for Management: BUSI 502 Subject Matter: Sony Reels from Multiple Hacker Attacks Sony’s PSN Hackers’ Incident New Cost Estimates for the Hacking Incident General data breach issues. According to Osawa (2011), costs associated with the 2011 Sony data breach involving Sony Corp.’s online videogame are over a billion dollars as it takes steps to repair its customers’ base and protect its customers. Nobuo Kurahashi, as Mizuho Investors Security analyst maintained that a complete and thorough assessment of potential impact on Sony’s future business would be more difficult to quantify (as cited in Osawa, 2011). The analyst argued that if data security concerns damage Sony’s brand image, this could undermine the†¦show more content†¦Customers to leave Sony because of the incident and reports of fraudulent use of identities obtained from the hack. While there have been no reports to date of the Sony hacker(s) using the stolen identities of Sony’s customers, the breach to Sony’s PlayStation Network involved millions of people around the world who used Sony’s PlayStation video game s ystem and who may have had their credit card information stolen in the 2011 hacking incident (PBS, 2012). This hacking incident against Sony could have potentially included over seventy-seven million user accounts that were disconnected worldwide. The hacker obtained information to include players’ names, addresses, birth dates, email addresses, passwords and log-in names. According to Kevin Poulsen, senior editor at wired.com (as cited in PBS NewsHour, 2012), its going to cost Sony a lot of money and a lot of fan loyalty. Some of the people leaving Sony are not going to care about the breach itself. They are just going to be extremely angry that they were denied access to the PlayStation Network for so long. Additionally, according to Dennohey (2012), the 2011 hacker gained access to a database dating back to 2007. Within this database there were information which included bank account information on approximately 12,000 debit and credit card holders in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. Sony claimedShow MoreRelatedSonys Operations And Development Of Business Continuity Plan1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sony was hacked in November 2014 by the group calling itself GOP or Guardians of Peace. With the disturbing images and threats displayed on the monitors and that was painful for Sony Entertainment. The routine work collapsed as server was down and in IT system all data wiped (Lavasoft, 2011). As per management information 100 terabytes of data released on internet which includes, employee personal information, salaries, emails, and social security numbers. 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Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal All Over - 627 Words

In May 2013, a Gallup poll showed that 53% of Americans support same sex marriage (â€Å"Gay† 3). Same sex marriage has been legalized in 17 US States and the District of Columbia. 33 states have laws and or constitution amendments that ban the marriage of two people that share the same gender (5). Same sex marriage has been in a debate going on in our country for a while. By legalizing same sex marriage in all states, there will be an increase in adoptions, a financial increase and help the mental and physical appearance of thousands of Americans. According to the Human Rights campaign, there are at least 1 million children are being raised by same-sex couples in the United States (3). Allowing same sex marriage would provide thousands of children with stable homes. This would take many children out of foster care and prevent them from returning (â€Å"Gay† 3). Over 100,00 children are waiting to be adopted in the United States (3). The process of adoption would go qui cker and easier if same sex marriage was legal in all states because there would be less paperwork to go thru. In July of 2010, a study concluded that children of gay fathers were â€Å"as well adjusted as those adopted by homosexual parents† (4). By changing the laws of marriage against homosexuals, there would be thousands of newly formed families. Making marriage for homosexual couples legal in the remaining 33 states would give many of these children permanent homes, make the adoption process easier and have newlyShow MoreRelated Same-sex Marriage Should be Legal Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex Marriage Should be Legal    I do. These two simple words have the power change lives in an instant. For most people, the phrase conjures up images of a man and a woman being joined in marriage. But for gays and lesbians, having the chance to legally say I do is a far-off dream, not a reality. 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Glucose Molecule - Experiment of Glucose Molecule Free Solution

Question: Describe about the experiment of Glucose Molecule? Answer: 1.0 Aim of Experiment: To carry out initial structural analysis of -D-(+) -Glucose using NMR techniques (1-dimensional) such as 13C-DEPT 135, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. In addition to perform, further structural analysis by 2-dimensional NMR such as HSQC, COSY, HMBC and TOCSY. Also, observe the influence of its structural characteristics on coupling constant and chemical shift on the NMR spectrum. 2.0 Introduction Glucose molecule Glucose is a simple monosaccharide sugar, which is considered as one of the most important carbohydrates. Glucose is used as a resource of energy in plants and animals. It is found that glucose is one of the main products used in respiration and photosynthesis. Glucose is found in nature as D-glucose, which is commonly known as dextrose. Food industries manufactured glucose always in dextrose form. A glucose molecule is consisted of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules. The chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6. Glucose is composed of 6 carbon atoms and contains an aldehyde group as the functional group, therefore glucose can be classified as an aldohexose. Glucose molecule can further be classified into either L or D series depending on the maximum number of its chiral center, C-5. At this C-5 position, if OH functional group is situated at the left of the plane, it can be classified as L-glucose. On the other hand, D-glucose is the mirror image of L-glucose. it is observed that g lucose is more stable in its ring structure compared to open-chain structure. The reason behind the stability of ring structure is, the hydroxyl group on C-5 is prone to react with the carbonyl group on C-1, which results in the production of a closed pyranose ring (Figure 1). Therefore, glucose is further found in two isomeric forms such as -D-glucose and -D-glucose. In -D-glucose, the OH functional group on C-1 is formally trans to the CH2OH (on C-5). On the other hand, these two groups are found in cis position in -D-glucose (Figure 1). In this experiment, the structural properties of -D-glucose are focused, as glucose is the most abundance aldohexose found in living organisms. To find out the structural properties of this monosaccharide, the researchers have used many NMR spectroscopy techniques. Figure 1: Anomeric forms of D-glucose NMR spectroscopy NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) induces transitions between different nuclear spin states of samples by using radiofrequency radiation in a magnetic field (Stothers, 2012). It is found that NMR spectroscopy is generally used in quantitative measurements; however, it is most useful to determine the structure of molecules (along with mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy) (Gnther, 2013). The utilization of NMR spectroscopy to determine the structural characterization arises because different atoms in a molecule face different magnetic fields. This phenomenon is responsible for the transitions of different resonance frequencies in an NMR spectrum (Graaf, 2013). It is found that the interactions between different nuclei are responsible for the deviation of the spectra lines. Therefore, the splitting lines of spectra can be used to gain information about the closeness of different atoms in a molecule. NMR spectroscopy is therefore can be applied in a number of areas of science (Keeler, 2 011). It is observed that the chemists used NMR spectroscopy (simple one-dimensional techniques) regularly to observe the chemical structure (Jiang et al. 2011). On the other hand, the chemists used two-dimensional techniques to study the structures of complicated molecules (Morales et al. 2012). 3.0 Experimental Procedure Preparation of sample At first pure -D-glucose (89mg) was weighed and dissolved in of deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (d6-DMSO). Then the sample was pipette into a dry and clean NMR tube. After that, the the NMR tube was sealed with parafilm and labeled. At last the sample was subjected to the NMR spectrometer. NMR spectrometer There are three steps involved in acquiring a spectrum from NMR spectrometer and these are: Sample loading: At first, the NMR tube was placed in a sample holder, known as spinner. Depth gauge was used to maintain the correct height of the NMR tube. After that, the sample was positioned in the NMR sample tray waiting to be analyzed. Instrument Locking and Shimming. Data acquisition and processing It was found that NMR spectrum was modified using Spinworks software. SpinWorks is a software package for the dealing out of 1D and 2D data. Spinworks also included modules for the simulation, dynamic NMR spectra and analysis of second order spectra. It can perform spectral simulations to determine chemical shifts and coupling constant. All the information obtained below was obtained through Dr. Ramesh. Dr. Ramesh separated the class into many groups and each group visited the NMR device. The NMR devise is located in the basement of the chemistry department where the guide explained details about the NMR device working procedure. It is observed that many precautions steps need to be taken before running the NMR sequence. These steps are do not bring mobile phones, any metallic objects, coins, etc. near to the NMR sequence, since it may cause damage to the magnet. The guide also advised not to touch the NMR magnet as it can hamper the NMRs homogeneity properties. In addition, personne l with metallic im[plants and heart pace makers should not come near to the NMR spectrometer. 4.0 Results In figure2, hydrogen and carbons nuclei are numbered for -D-glucose molecule to interpret NMR result. In the following structure of glucose, 6 carbon atoms are shown, which are referring to 6 different environments. There are also 11 hydrogen atoms, which are referred to 10 different environments. Figure 2: Carbon and hydrogen nuclei numbering for -D-glucose molecule Table 1: 1H-NMR showing the chemical shift of assigned proton nuclei (Figure 2), its multiplicity patterns and the coupling constant J (Hz) Chemical shift, (ppm) Assigned nuclei multiplicity Coupling constant, J (Hz) 6.22 95-6.2395 O-H2 d, doublet 4.28 4.9046-4.884 C-H1 t, triplet 4.02,4.22 4.8232-4.8088 O-H8 d, doublet 5.76 4.7077-4.6959 O-H6 d, doublet 4.72 4.527-4.51 O-H4 d, doublet 68 4.4288-4.3389 O-H11 t, triplet 5.92, 5.7 3.6109-3.3645 C-H5,C-H9, C-H10,10 m, multiplet - 3.1288-2.9868 C-H3, C-H7 m, multiplet - Chemical shift, (ppm) Assigned nuclei multiplicity Coupling constant, J (Hz) 6.22 95-6.2395 O-H2 d, doublet 4.28 4.9046-4.884 C-H1 t, triplet 4.02,4.22 4.8232-4.8088 O-H8 d, doublet 5.76 4.7077-4.6959 O-H6 d, doublet 4.72 4.527-4.51 O-H4 d, doublet 68 4.4288-4.3389 O-H11 t, triplet 5.92, 5.7 3.6109-3.3645 C-H5,C-H9, C-H10,10 m, multiplet - 3.1288-2.9868 C-H3, C-H7 m, multiplet - Table 2: 13CNMR analysis showing the chemical shift of assigned carbon nucleiand its phasing behavior in 13C DEPT-135 NMR spectrum in (Figure 2) Assigned nuclei Chemical shift, (ppm) 13C-DEPT 135 PHASING C-1 92.13 CH- Positive C-3 72.97 CH- Positive C-2 72.24 CH- Positive C-5 71.92 CH- Positive C-4 70.54 CH-Positive C-6 61.06 CH2-Negative Table 3: shows the observed correlation of 1H nuclei (Figure 2) in 2D Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) NMR spectrum and 2D Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) NMR spectrum *C indicate 1H-1H nuclei in COSY spectrum, D indicate 1H-1H nuclei in TOCSY spectrum H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10.10' H11 H1 H2 C,D H3 C,D D H4 D D C,D D H5 D D C,D D H6 D D C,D H7 D C H8 D D C,D H9 D C,D D H10,10' D D C H11 D D D C,D Table 4: shows the observed correlation of 1H-13C nuclei (Figure 2) in 2D Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation (HSQC) NMR spectrum and 2D Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation (HMBC) spectrum *X symbol indicates1H-13C nuclei in HSQC, Y symbol indicate 1H-13C nuclei in HMBC C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 H1 X Y Y H2 Y X,Y H3 X,Y H4 Y Y Y X H5 Y Y X,Y H6 Y Y H7 Y Y Y H8 Y Y H9 H10,10 Y Y X H11 Y Y Discussions Many NMR techniques are used to analyze glucose molecule. In the H-NMR spectrum, it is found that C-H peaks are clustered and overlapped comparing to the O-H peaks, which are well separated among each other. The hydroxyl protons (O-H) are mostly located in the middle of the spectrum ranging from 4.34ppm to 4.82 ppm (except O-H2 that appeared more deshielded at approximately 6.2ppm). On the other hand, the C-H protons are mostly located at around 2.99ppm to 3.61ppm (except C-H1, which appeared at 4.9ppm). The proof of this pattern can be found in the 2D-HSQC spectrum in which the O-H region stated above was blank (showing no interaction) while the C-H regions showed correlation signal between the positioned carbon with its bonded hydrogen ( for example: C5-H5). HSQC helped to determine the correlation of hydrogen and carbon in a single bonded position. Hydroxyl protons are more deshielded compared to C-H protons due to the presence of electronegative atom, oxygen; which is the reason behind the shifting of hydroxyl-protons more to the left compared to C-H protons. The presence of electronegative atom pulls the electron density away from proton nucleus, which in turn makes it more vulnerable towards the applied magnetic field, thus appeared downfield of NMR spectrum. However, an exception of for this pattern is also observed. Further analysis of C-H nuclei at C-1 showed that it is highly deshielded compared to the other C-H nuclei. This is because of the same reasons as hydroxyl groups (the presence of an electron withdrawing atom, oxygen). In fact it is observed that the O-H proton at this carbon is the most deshielded one among its species located in the other carbon skeletons. Therefore, positioning the C-H protons and O-H protons on the skeleton of glucose is hard while only depending on the 1H-NMR spectrum. The reason is, the O-H groups of protons are rather quite the same chemical environment between one each other except O-H2, which are difficult to determ ine the sequence and it is also found that the C-H are even worse as it exist as multiples except for C-H1. Therefore, to locate the proton peak, 2D-COSY NMR analysis of this molecule is very helpful. 2D-COSY NMR is a technique, which is helpful to track the correlation of 1H-1H up to 3 bond lengths. By studying the correlation peaks of this spectrum one can resolve the complex multiplets of C-H protons in which for the first multiplet (=3.37ppm - 3.61ppm), there are four C-H protons resonate at this frequency: C-H5,C-H9 and C-H10,10and for the second multiplet (=3.37ppm - 3.61ppm) there are only two protons resonate: C-H3 and C-H7. It is found that the integral values in 1H-NMR is equivalent to the number of protons in each of this multiplet (which is 4.4 and 2.1 respectively). However, it is observed that the multiplicities of C-H protons are rather difficult to study except for C1-H1. On the other hand, The O-H proton splitting patterns are easy and simple to interpret. All of th e C1-H1 and O-H protons followed the multiplicity rules, (2nI+1). Such as, the reason behind the triplet appearance of C1-H1 peaks is that it is split by two hydrogen protons O-H2 and C-H3 and for the O-H11. In addition, it is also appeared as triplet because it is split by two hydrogens at C-6. In 1H NMR spectrum, the coupling constant can be observed. It is observed that J value for the splitting of O-H protons are larger compared to C-H protons. the analysis 13C NMR revealed there are 6 different environments of carbon atoms which one of it is highly deshielded and this is certainly C-1 due to the presence of oxygen atom bonded to it. C-6 is surrounded by more electrons due to the presence of two hydrogen atoms attached to it, therefore it is The most shielded carbon in this molecule. Evidence of this peak is C-6 can be observed, firstly in 13C-DEPT 135, but in the chemical shift the peak is negative phasing (indicate CH2), however, the other CH carbons are in the positive phasin g. In HSQC spectrum, it is found that there are two spots plotted at F1 axis of around 61.0 ppm (the carbon is directly bonded to two hydrogen atoms). The other carbon peaks appeared in the 13C NMR spectrum was also being determined by studying the correlation patterns in HSQC NMR. The HMBC NMR spectrum and TOCSY NMR spectrum were used to confirm the structure once again. In TOCSY NMR, the interaction of 1H-1H nuclei up to five chemical bonding is observed. As an example, an interaction observed between C-H1 and O-H6, which is in this molecule, is 5 bonding apart. Examples of interaction of 4 bonding includes O-H8 with C-H5 and C-H5 with C-H1. On the other hand, HMBC is helpful to observe the heteronuclear interaction of 1H-13C nuclei typically 2-4 bonds away. Due to peaks overlapping, In this experiment it is difficult to observe a single interaction between carbons in the position of C2 up to C5. The interaction presented in Table 4 for C2, C3, C4 and C5 is just a rough plotting b ased on the theoretical concept of these techniques. However, a clear isolation of peaks spotting for C1 and C6 are found in this glucose spectrum. The interaction of C1 with H4 and H2 were clearly observed as well as the interaction of C6 with H7 and H11. 6.0 Conclusion It is found that new beginning in carbohydrate researches being fostered by a blend of new synthetic methods and developments in analytic techniques. NMR spectroscopy is sure to play an important role in the carbohydrate study since, it has a capability to provide close structural details of Biomolecular interactions. To analyze the structural properties of -D-(+) -glucose molecule application of NMR spectroscopy offers the unique capacity. With 1H-NMR and 13C NMR coupling constant, the chemical shift, integral values of each nuclei peak and multiplicity patterns can be observed. On the other hand, 2D HMQC NMR and 2DCOSY NMR is helpful to locate each of these nuclei into its position in the cyclic form of the glucose molecule. In addition, 2D HMBC and 2D TOCSY are strong tools used in evidencing of each of these nuclei located in the molecule. 7.0 References: De Graaf, R. A. (2013).In vivo NMR spectroscopy: principles and techniques. John Wiley Sons. Flores-Morales, A., Jimnez-Estrada, M., Mora-Escobedo, R. (2012). Determination of the structural changes by FT-IR, Raman, and CP/MAS 13 C NMR spectroscopy on retrograded starch of maize tortillas.Carbohydrate Polymers,87(1), 61-68. Gnther, H. (2013).NMR spectroscopy: basic principles, concepts and applications in chemistry. John Wiley Sons. Jiang, F., Zhu, Q., Ma, D., Liu, X., Han, X. (2011). Direct conversion and NMR observation of cellulose to glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) catalyzed by the acidic ionic liquids.Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical,334(1), 8-12. Keeler, J. (2011).Understanding NMR spectroscopy. John Wiley Sons. Stothers, J. (2012).Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy(Vol. 24). Elsevier.

Revive Network How-to Automatically Share Other Websites Content

Sharing other peoples content on social media is a great way to get noticed and build a stronger social network. With that being said, doing it manually is a huge time-sink, which is why it can be helpful to find a way to automatically share other websites content on your social media accounts.While there are non-WordPress tools like Buffer that help you to automatically share other websites content, the Revive Network plugin lets you automate the whole process without having to ever leave your WordPress dashboard.In this post, Ill give you a detailed tutorial on how to automatically share other websites content using the Revive Network plugin. Ill cover the whole process, from zero to checking out your queue of scheduled social media posts. What does Revive Network do?Revive Network helps you grow your social community and network by letting you automatically share content based on targeted RSS feeds that you add to the plugin.You can create templates to give your social shares a hu man touch, add relevant hashtags, and even tack on UTM tags to help get you noticed.If youd like to learn more about the plugin, I encourage you to check out the product page.Otherwise, Im going to jump straight into showing you how to automatically share other websites content and grow your network using Revive Network.Step 0: Install Revive Network and input your license keyBefore you can automatically share other websites content, youll need to actually install and activate the Revive Network plugin. Yup, were starting at the beginning here!Because Revive Network is a premium plugin, youll need to upload the ZIP file that you get after purchasing the plugin. You can learn how to install a plugin that way here.Once you install and activate Revive Network, enter your license key by going to Settings → General and scrolling down to the Revive Network license area:Step 1: Create a Twitter or Facebook applicationOnce youve got the plugin activated, youre ready to start setting it up.The first thing you need to do is create a Twitter and/or Facebook app.You can do this by going to Revive Network → Apps. For both Twitter and Facebook, you can find detailed instructions for how to create the app by clicking on the marked link:Ill show the steps for the Twitter app but remember that you can always find instructions for Facebook by clicking that link.To create your Twitter App, go here and click Create New App:On the next screen, you need to fill out Application Details. For the first three fields, you can enter whatever youd like. That is, the information wont be seen by anyone but you.But for the Callback URL, make sure that you enter the following:YOURDOMAIN.COM/wp-admin/admin.php?page=revive-networkThen, click Create your Twitter application at the bottom.On the next screen, click on the Keys and Access Tokens tab. From there, youll need to copy the API Key and API Secret into your Revive Network dashboard:Paste those values into the relevant boxes and click Save Settings:If youd like to share posts on Facebook, as well, youll need to complete a similar process for Facebook by going to the Facebook tab and following the instructions:Otherwise, youre ready to continue on.Step 2: Connect the social profile(s) you want to automatically share other websites content toNext up, head to the Accounts tab of Revive Network. Here, youll need to connect your actual social profiles.Youll only see options for the network(s) that you created an app for. For example, I only created a Twitter app, so all I see is an option to add a Twitter account.To get started, click the Add Account button:Assuming that youre logged into Twitter, all you need to do is click the Authorize app button:If you added a Facebook app, youll need to repeat the same process for Facebook.Step 3: Set up your RSS feedsOk, now youre ready to start adding feeds for the content that you want to share. RSS feeds are what actually allow you to automatically share other webs ites content.Basically, youll need to find the RSS feed for the website or influencer whose content you want to share. In our post about importing RSS feeds into WordPress, we talk about some strategies for finding WordPress feeds.Generally, because most blogs are based on WordPress nowadays, a neat trick is to just append /feed to the end of any WordPress sites URL to find its RSS feed.Once you have the feed you want to share content from, go to the Feeds tab of Revive Network and fill in the options:Feed Name this is purely internal make it something thats easy for you to rememberFeed URL enter the direct URL to the RSS feed you foundFacebook Handle if youre sharing on Facebook, enter the username or page name that you want to mention (including the @ sign)Twitter Handle if youre sharing on Twitter, enter the username of the account you want to mention (including the @ sign)Linked to if you linked more than one of your own social media accounts, you can choose specific accou nts here.Once youre finished, click Save Feed.Step 4: Create templates for the content you want to shareOne of the neat things about Revive Network is that it lets you create one or more custom templates to structure your Tweets or Facebook posts.You can also use dynamic variables to automatically insert relevant information about the post title and/or person youre referencing.By default, the plugin includes three templates. But you can always go in and delete those templates and/or add your own custom templates.To do that, go to the Templates tab and click Add New:Heres what the various fields mean:Template Name just for internal use make it something thats easy to rememberFacebook check this box to use this template for Facebook postsTwitter check this box to use this template for Twitter postsAs for Template Content, it deserves more than a bullet point. Basically, youre going to mix plain text with the Magic Tags below the box.Lets say the most recent post youre going to sha re is a post from @Themeisle titled How to Use Revive NetworkIf you put this in the Template Content box:Check out this great post from {mention}: {title} {link_w_utm}When Revive Network uses that template, it will automatically convert the magic tags into actual data from the post. So it would look like this:Check out this great post from @ThemeIsle: How to Use Revive Network https://themeisle.com/blog/automatically-share-other-websites-content/In reality, the real URL would contain your UTM tags, but this is just an example.Speaking ofonce you save your template, go to the Edit UTM Tags tab to configure your UTM tags.Setting up your UTM tagsUTM tags help your traffic show up in the analytics logs of the websites that you refer traffic to. Its a small thing, but it gives you credit for the traffic and helps influencers notice (and appreciate) that youre sending them traffic.By default, the plugin will fill in the UTM tags based on your sites URL. Most of the time, you can just leav e these as the default. But if you want to edit them, you can do that here:Just like with the templates, you can use magic tags to insert dynamic information. The {network} tag will change to twitter or facebook depending on the actual network that you share the post on.Step 5: Configure how often to share contentAt this point, youre all ready to start sharing! Before you do that, though, you should tell the plugin how often you actually want to share.To do that, go to Schedule and then click on the Share Settings:Usually, you can leave these as the defaults. But if you want to configure them further, heres what each option means:Check interval how often the plugin checks RSS feeds for new postsPosts to share how many posts to share when the plugin finds new posts in a feed.Twitter share interval how often to wait between sharing on TwitterFacebook share interval how long to wait between sharing on FacebookPurge posts interval how long to store posts from a feed (for sharing) b efore the plugin clears it from the listStep 6: Start sharing and monitor your scheduled postsNows the point when you can hit the Start Sharing button to kick the plugin into gear!Once you start sharing, you can monitor exactly what will be shared and when by going to the Scheduled tabYou can also remove individual shares by hovering over them and choosing Remove Share. And if you ever want to stop sharing, just click the Stop Sharing button to put the plugin on pause.Its easy to automatically share other websites content Similarly, you can quickly remove existing feeds if you no longer want to share them.If you have any other questions about how to automatically share other websites content with Revive Network, leave a comment and well try to help out!