Discussions Replies Education Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conversations Replies Education - Coursework Example Guard your decision. 1. Posted: by: Margarett  Both workmanship and culture have been the critical pieces of prior hundreds of years. On the off chance that we investigate the relationship among expressions and culture that existed in the 20thâ century, we come to realize that there had been a nearby association between them. For instance, craftsmen of the 20thâ century spoke to the general culture of that century through their works of art. 20thâ century is known as the start of today’s period of innovation. The specialists of the 20thâ century incredibly uncovered the components of innovation, expressionism, and deliberations in their craftsmanships. Besides, the specialists of the late 20thcentury likewise uncovered through their fine arts the requirement for change and harmony that individuals needed after the two major occasions of war that happened in the principal half of the century. In my view, the craftsman who best spoke to the social and social patterns of his timeframe through his works of art was Pablo Picasso. He was a Spanish painter and stone worker who reevaluated the establishments of craftsmanship in the 20thâ century through including the shadow of progressing developments and generally speaking condition in his fine arts. My Response: Taking it above and beyond, I can't help suspecting that the specialists of the mid twentieth century were progressively mindful of the movement of workmanship. What I mean is, the specialists, albeit some of the time isolated by mainlands seemed, by all accounts, to be progressively mindful and discerning of what different craftsmen were dealing with, what propelled them, the advancement of workmanship during this time made substantially more quick strides than state craftsmanship a hundred years prior. Clearly the modern age and the start of the mechanical upset had something to do with that †however one can’t help yet wonder if craftsmanship and culture were not much more firml y associated with the specialists of the twentieth century than it had ever been previously. 2. Posted by: Andrea  Picasso is an extraordinary model. His specialty is so totally different than the craft of his predecessors.â one might say, craftsmen like him were facing huge challenges, withdrawing from the standard! Class, what do you think it was that gave individuals the driving force to start facing greater challenges as far as craftsmanship and music during this time?â My Response: Andrea, valid statement - Picasso unquestionably left from the standard! Be that as it may, workmanship in the mid twentieth century was tied in with digressing from the standard and making better approaches for articulation. While workmanship in past hundreds of years had been increasingly about step by step embracing new styles and emulating the experts, specialty of the twentieth century developed at such a fast and break neck pace that craftsmen appeared to do all conceivable to communic ate their own preferences and separate themselves. This aggregate mentality is the thing that demonstrated twentieth century workmanship to be so various and differed in such a brief timeframe scale. 3. Posted: by: Dawna The other century guided another perspective into the workmanship world.â With the world despite everything recouping from theâ atrocities of WWI, numerous craftsmen mirrored this in their style.â another type of craftsmanship was beginning, the ism movement.â Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, and German Expressionism.â Pablo Picasso obviously, was a tremendous figure in this development, with his outrageous style and utilization of colors.â Many individuals that were utilized to increasingly customary craftsmanship discovered his style and kind of craftsmanship upsetting and confusing.â I feel the one craftsman that exemplifies the time however would need to be Ernest Hemingway.â His perspective composing styles of WWI and help express the emotions after the war and the sentiment of misfortune that many felt.

An Analysis of Robert Francis’ Poem The Hound Essay

In Robert Francis’ sonnet â€Å"The Hound,† the author makes a feeling of dread by looking at how strange and erratic pooches are to life utilizing an all-inclusive analogy to show life as dubious and one needs to stand by to perceive what it brings at them. In lines 1-5, the essayist states: â€Å"Life the dog/Equivocal/Comes at a bound/Either to sever me/Or to become friends with me.† The speaker looks at the propensities for a dog to life to show despite the fact that they are not the same, they are comparable in the method of not knowing the following thing that can occur. They are both flawed and dubious in light of the fact that nobody comprehends what will occur straightaway and there is a chance of it destroying one. Moreover, it tends to be a companion to one and everything will work out in a good way. This authorizes how questionable life is towards individuals. In the mean time, the speaker proceeds in lines 6-11 by saying: â€Å"I can't tell/The hound’s aim/Till he has sprung/At my uncovered hand/With teeth or tongue.† There is a feeling of strain that is made in these lines by the utilization of symbolism so as to show how nobody makes certain of what will follow. There is a likelihood that life won’t be inviting and will come at one â€Å"with teeth or tongue.† This can appear to be a negative thing since it could come and chomp you or that expression could mean it is accompanying bliss and satisfaction in this manner promising beneficial what might be on the horizon. At long last, the speaker says in the last two lines â€Å"Meanwhile I stand/And hold up the event.† This recommends the speaker is latent and trusting that something will occur. This is on the grounds that one doesn’t realize what will happen subsequently won't effectively partake. Throughout everyday life, one may not generally take an interest since life is questionable and it can either be a companion or demolish the individual.

So, You Want to Write a Short Story 10 Tips from the Experts

So, You Want to Write a Short Story 10 Tips from the Experts In its simplest definition, a short story is fiction that can be read in one sitting. But beyond that simple definition, there is so much more to a short story than meets the eye â€" and even more to writing one!Many writers make the common mistake of assuming that writing a short story will be easier than writing a novel. On the surface, this may be true, since short stories are obviously shorter than a novel, and, therefore, less time-consuming. Deeper than the surface, however, is the fact that short stories use the same literary techniques of a novel and the same methods of characterization, but the author has far fewer words to achieve the same effect. In other words, despite the significantly lower word count, a short story can be as complicated â€" if not more so â€" as writing a novel. As a writer, you should include within your short story much of what a novelist would include in his or her novel â€" you just have a lot fewer words to do it in!But if you are up for the task, and you want to write a short story, lets go over some tips from the experts on how to do it. Well start with the advice of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr, one of the most famous American short story writers, who enjoyed a long writing career that lasted for over 50 years. Within that timeframe, he published three short story collections, five plays, five nonfiction works, and 14 novels, the most famous of which is Slaughterhouse Five (1969).Before we look at his tips for writing a short story, however, keep in mind that even Vonnegut suggested breaking his own rules. The greatest American short story writer of my generation was Flannery OConnor, Vonnegut wrote. She broke practically every one of my rules but the first. Great writers tend to do that.So why am I reading rules if they are meant to be broken, you might ask. Well, the answer to that is complicated, and we suggest using the following as tips rather than as rules, per se. In short â€" some rules are made to be broken, particularly in writing, but a general guideline is always helpful as you set out to write.Tip 1 â€" Use the time of a total stranger in such a way that he or she will not feel the time was wasted.Lets start with Vonneguts advice, which begins with a reminder of focusing on writing a story that is important. While this seems obvious, many writers begin the process of writing a short story without considering their reader. However, your reader is the very first consideration you should make, and you should assume that he or she is a stranger to you. What is it that you have to say â€" what story do you have to tell â€" that would appeal to a complete stranger? How do you, as a writer, appeal to someone whom youve never met or with whom youve never spoken?One way to do this is to write about something that is a common experience or feeling. The more compelling your story is to a broad audience, the greater your chances of finding success in publishing it. While there are certainly great short storie s that have been published dealing with unique circumstances, those which focus on common human experiences and emotions are the ones that are most memorable in the minds of audiences.Tip 2 â€" Give the reader at least one character he or she can root for.Heres the second piece of advice Vonnegut gives us. And, it calls to mind Eudora Welty, another prolific and famous American short story writer, who is best known for her short stories which depict life in the American South. In them, she broached topics that are heavy and ugly, such as racism and poverty, and created many characters who were as unlikeable as they were realistic. One aspect of her writing that attracted large audiences was her ability to show dark, complex themes interwoven into everyday characters and events â€" making small towns and small-minded people a central focus of her work.However, in most cases, we like her characters, despite how fallible and tragically human they are. We root for them despite the circu mstances and see their heroic qualities interwoven into their faults. It is this attraction, this desire for the characters to be happy despite their miserable surroundings, that makes Weltys readers love her work.Tip 3 â€" Every character should want something, even if it is only a glass of water.Vonneguts third suggestion involves character motivation, and it is arguably THE most important question a writer should ask when creating a character that readers find memorable. That question is simple: What motivates this person? Why are they doing what they are doing in the story? What is it that they want and are hoping to achieve?Character motivation is a key part of how readers will identify with the characters you create in writing a short story. For example, a twenty-something male reader might have a difficult time identifying with a middle-aged female character. However, if that female character is motivated by the lure of fame, and the many dangers that go along with the tempta tion of it, its a desire that the reader knows personally. Its this motivation that connects the reader to the character, making differences in gender, sociocultural status, and age nothing more than trivial details.Tip 4 â€" Every sentence must do one of two things â€" reveal character or advance the action.This part of Vonneguts advice reiterates the importance of making every word count when writing a short story. One of the great things about short stories, as a genre, is the way that they are able to make use of the same literary devices as full-length books. However, in a short story, there is intensity in their use, simply because reading in one sitting is a more intense experience than reading in multiple sittings. When a reader is exposed to a story all at once, without real life having an opportunity to creep in and pull his or her attention away from a book, it is truly an experience that could become quite memorable rather than just a passive activity.The same is true fo r characterization in short stories. Characters who leave a lasting impression on the reader do it because:They are deep and complicatedThey go through a set of complicated circumstancesThrough this complication in their lives, even if they are the type of person a reader would never encounter in his or her real life, this motivation â€" a common human trait â€" will connect the reader to what is happening in the story. Readers will be concerned about the outcome of the story simply because they are concerned about the welfare of the character. This ability to create memorable, human characters a reader can root for (or root against) is what separates great short story writers from mediocre ones.Tip 5 â€" Start as close to the end as possible.Vonneguts fifth tip has as much to do with the pacing of a story as it does with the short storys plot. Weve been comparing short stories to novels, but unlike novels, short stories should start as close to the end as possible. While it may see m counterproductive to skip out on setting up the story from the beginning, there simply is not enough time in the span of a short story to tell a story from beginning to end. Rather, if you need to visualize it in your mind in comparison with a novel, think of a short story in one of two ways:As the very end of a novel or its climaxAs a snapshot of an important moment taken right in the middle of a story that stands on its own, without a lot of expositionThere are many details youll feel the need to include to clue your reader in on what has happened before this moment in your short story. However, you should always ask yourself…does this detail advance the action or identify something important about my character(s)? If the answer to any of these is no, then dont include it. Your reader doesnt have to know everything about your characters past to understand who they are in the present.Tip 6 â€" Be a sadist. No matter how sweet and innocent your leading characters, make awful thi ngs happen to them â€" in order that the reader may see what they are made of.This one is somewhat indicative of Kurt Vonneguts worldview, and not necessarily a view shared by other short story writers, but you should know about it either way. Its also important to note that in Vonneguts most well-known short story, Harrison Bergeron, the main characters 14-year-old son is killed on-air with a double-barreled shot gun, while taking over a television station in a futile attempt to overthrow an oppressive government. In this case, Vonneguts advice certainly paid off well for him, so it is worth considering.The takeaway from this tip is that when readers experience shocking events through a short story, it is a sort of cathartic experience for them. The best short story writers in American literature enjoyed this element of shocking the reader (for example, Edgar Allan Poe, Flannery OConner, etc.) While it certainly isnt necessary to do this, its important to know that the greats have done it â€" and have found success in doing so.Tip 7 â€" Write to please just one person. If you open a window and make love to the world, so to speak, your story will get pneumonia.This comment from the famous writer is classic Vonnegut, but it brings up an important point: Your story should be written for one person. In many cases, that person should be you.Tip 8 â€" Give your readers as much information as possible as soon as possible. To heck with suspense. Readers should have such complete understanding of what is going on, where and why, that they could finish the story themselves, should cockroaches eat the last few pages.This advice goes along with Vonneguts fifth tip, which is to start as close to the end as possible. In doing so, youll need to let your reader know the exposition and the details of what led your characters to the point where they are in the short story. Again, as we mentioned previously: Be careful here, though, and make sure you dont crowd too much exposit ion into the beginning. Only give your reader what they need to know to understand your characters and what led them to this place.Tip 9 â€" Separate the writing and the editing process.This isnt Vonneguts advice, but it is a suggestion youll find throughout our blog on various writing topics, and it is worth repeating regarding writing short stories. It is important that you understand that writing and editing are two very different processes, and they should be completed separately. This means that when you sit down to write, dont second guess yourself by writing, reading what you wrote, and then changing it. Rather, most experts agree that it is better to write without making changes â€" just continue writing without revision â€" and save those changes for a different time when you are editing the story.Tip 10 â€" Read, and then read some more.Stephen King, arguably the most prolific writer of our times, has this advice: If you dont have time to read, you dont have the time or th e tools to write. Simple as that. Reading short stories written by others â€" particularly the greats â€" will help you more than reading this blog post ever could. While reading, youll subconsciously pick up on writing practices used by other writers, as well as learn what publishers look for when they consider a short story (or short story collections) to publish.

Study On The Problem Of Money Laundering - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2258 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Chapter 1: 1) Introduction: Money laundering is a global problem. Measuring its impact is tough, as it takes place behind everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s eyes and it apparently is a victimless crime. Yet the damage it does can be devastating to the financial sector and economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"realà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"externalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ sector, especially in case of a developing country. By contrast, effective anti-money-laundering policies can reinforce a range of good-governance policies. This in result helps the country to sustain economical growth particularly by making the financial sector stronger. 1.1) Background Because of the worldwide growing concerns over money laundering, G-7 summit established Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in Paris in1989. Its purpose was to generate an international response to this increasing problem. Since then this organisation has been playing a vital role in tackling money laundering. It works closely with other international bodies that develops and regulates Anti-Money Laundering (AML) policies world wide. FATF members have 29 countries and jurisdiction includes major financial centres in Asia, North and South America, Europe- as well as the European Commission and The Gulf Co-Operation Council. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Problem Of Money Laundering" essay for you Create order 1.1.1) Problem statement Today a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy largely depends upon the advancement of technology. It made the job a lot easier, but it came with its own challenge. Which concerns the international financial community the most is the bad guys are also using the technology to give their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"proceeds of crimesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ a legal look. In short the money made by various criminal activities in various parts of the world is injected into a nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy to camouflage it or give it a lawful appearance. This system is known as Money Laundering and this problem is growing to a serious proportion over time. IMF estimated that the aggregate size of laundered money worldwide is 2% to 5% of global GDP in 1998. Regardless who or how the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dirtyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ money is being used, the operational system or method is always the same. It is a dynamic three stage process. The stages are: Placement- A large volume of cash which was obtained thr ough illegal means is placed in to the financial system, can be used to buy high-price item or may be smuggled out of the country. The point here is to transform the cash into some other kind of asset to avoid detection. Layering- this stage takes place to hide the true origin of the unlawful money. Here in layering stage a complex set of transaction takes place to obscure the trail of that cold hard cash and its real ownership. At this point the advancement of technology helps them. One the methods are Electronic Fund Transfer (EFTs). Others include conversion of monetary instrument, investments in legitimate businesses, purchasing real estates. In most of the EFTs are used frequently. Because of the busy lifestyles and easy access, a lot of EFTs are processed everyday. Among all those when a Phoney EFT takes place between an offshore account and a shell company, It is pretty hard to spot a criminal transaction at first look. Integration- The final step of the process where t he illicit money comes back clean to its owner and then integrated to the economy as investment into a legal business. Once integrated, it hides the identity or origin even further. 1.1.2) Research significance There has been little research into the effects of money laundering on the economic growth, particularly in a developing country. Most of the researchers and their works were focused on measuring the amount and usage of money-laundering. Hence the majority of this vast subject has remained unstudied. Therefore the developing countries, which are the prime channels for international money-laundering, are suffering from the need for the guidelines to stop the erosion of the long-term economic growth caused by this problem. 1.1.3) Research question In a developing countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy the role of the financial institutes such as- banks, non-bank financial institutes (NBFI), equity market-are critical. They help to sustain the economic growth by concentrating the domestic savings, even the overseas funding. For all these gaining customer trust is vital. Money laundering erodes these institute and affects the customer trust as this is interrelated with other criminal activities that is performed by the workers in financial sector or government. Besides that, money laundering facilitates domestic corruption and crime which results depressed economic growth. It also diverts the resources to less productive activity. In the light of above discussion, proposed work is on following questions: What is money laundering? What are the negative effects of it on economic growth? How does it harm the developing countries? 1.2) Aims and objectives The purpose of this study is to analyse harmful effects of the money laundering on the economic growth of a developing country. Because of the weaker economy, lack of strong policies and comparatively easy regulations the developing countries become an open market for such activities. Therefore those countries have scope to improve their policies, regulations and laws. The objectives of the proposed study are to know: What sectors are mostly being affected? What is the extent of the damage? What can the developed economic community do? What kinds of policies or regulations are being implemented? What kinds of policies or regulations can be improved? As the time advanced, money laundering business has also evolved by keeping pace with the time. Technology has made it more undetectable. The businesses are booming and consequences are visible. But regulatory bodies are also taking necessary steps. They are tightening their borders, educating people, creating awarenes s. Still these are not enough for the countries affected. Most of the time, they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have enough resources to divert to that sector. As a result they are bleeding internally. Therefore we can assume the following: Most of the economic damage done by money laundering through its developing country channel is at the expense of the developing economy. The weaker regulations and policies are the more liberty a money launderer gets. Therefore they need to strengthen themselves, with the help of others if necessary. The countries with the developed economy have sufficient resources, therefore options to fight this particular crime. But in case of the developing economies, if not handled in time, it can distort investment, encourage crime and corruption and increase the risk of macro-economic instability. Through this study some solutions may be found, or at least the gravity of the danger ahead. 1.3) Limitations The expansion of money laundering problem is vast. At the same time a greater portion of this crime is goes unreported, hence unnoticed. Authorities all over the world has been struggling to get a proper grasp of the whole problem. The developments that are being made are on the implementations of AML policies and legal sector. But there is a great lack of research on the effects and consequences of money laundering in the developing economies. Therefore there is not enough data available to come to any exact conclusion. Besides, this research is based on the secondary data. So evaluating the existing data was not possible. To be able to do so, a higher level of intervention, e.g. Government, international banking authority etc. is necessary as this research involves the national financial data. 1.4) Overview The first chapter of this research introduces the area or the topic to the audience. What is money laundering, how big or vast the problem is, how did it start and how it is done, what are the authorities doing about it and what are the limitations of this particular research has been described in this section. The second chapter includes an extensive and analytic review of the existing literature that is available to refer to about this subject.(incomplete**) Chapter 2 2) Literature review 2.1) introduction This part of the report contains a thorough and critical study of the books journals, articles and other materials that is available on money laundering. This review gives the audience an idea how much research has been done in this area. It also helps to get an idea of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s concept of money laundering. 2.2) Review A channel or medium is required to carry out money laundering activity. The preferred medium that a Money launderer chooses is the financial institution that is efficient and costs less while carrying out the transactions (Masciandaro, 1999).Such activities ruin the integrity of those financial institutions and affects their soundness or stability. As a result of their weak integrity, they loses the investors confidence and eventually direct foreign investments are reduced. This process in turn disturbs the long-term economic growth of the country. Barret (1997),Masciandaro and Portolano (2003), Paradise (1998) and Quirk (1997) argued in their studies that the economic and financial systems of a country are threatened by money laundering. Despite of money laundering being a global problem, there has been a little research in the area of the harmful effects on economy. Some notable exception will include Uche, C U (1999) and Masciandro, D (2000). Most of the works were done on th e legal framework or to develop effective AML policies over the years. Therefore quality data on the pervasiveness or any long term pattern of the affected economy is rather limited. The origins of money laundering can be traced as far back as 1930s in organized criminal activities (Bosworth-Davies and Saltmarsh, 1994). So it is clear that the concept is not a new one. Over the years it just grew over its proportion. Financial Action Task Force defined the problem as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" . . . the processing of a large number of criminal acts to generate profit for individual or group that carries out the act with the intention to disguise their illegal origin in order to legitimize the ill gotten gains of crime. Any crime that generates significant profit-extortion, drug trafficking, arms smuggling and some kind of white collar crime may create a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“needà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for money launderingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (FATF 1998). According to Mulig and Smith (2004), the term à ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“money launderingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? was originated by the organised crime families, who used to own legitimate laundry business to disguise or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"launderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ very large amount of cash, which was in fact, earned through extortion, prostitution, gambling and drug business. United Nations office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) explained that there are two reasons why the criminals, May it be the street crime or the corporate white collar embezzlement or maybe a corrupt public official, need to launder the money because, it leaves a paper trail as evidence of their crime. Secondly, the money itself is vulnerable to seizure so it needs to be protected. In other words it is an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Unfinished productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to the criminal until it is cleaned. A bigger portion of literature on money laundering concentrates on the legal framework. That includes the legislation and regulations that can be traced back to the US à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“war on drugs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Gill and Taylor, 2004). Since then it was a concern that was growing over time. In response to that, international agreements were being made to tackle such activities amongst which, the UN was the first international organisation to combat the crime globally. Subsequently, in 1989 G-7 established FATF. In the FATF annual report (FATF, 2006b) it was stated that, most of the illegal activities are linked with corrupt practices and lack of transparency. This subsequently arises to weaker governance which results poor and ineffective use of AML policies. Those are the places that become heaven for money launderers. Their activities erode the financial system from inside while taking advantage of the volatile economy. In large scale money laundering operation, cross-border factor is always included. Therefore an international approach was a crying need to handle this problem effectively. That was also a reason why the UN and the Bank for inter national Settlement took the initiative to address the problem in 1980. Following the FATF formation, the regional grouping such as- Council of Europe, European Union, Organisation of American States And many others designed AML policies required and effective for their member countries. Asia, Europe, the Caribbean and southern Africa have created regional AML task force-like organizations, and similar groupings for western Africa and Latin America are being planned too. As discussed previously, second stage of money laundering widely uses the technology as one of their means of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"layeringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dirty moneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the use of it is becoming rather popular to them. The advances in technology, especially in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have benefited the whole world. Money launderers are also included in the group of beneficiaries. They take full advantage of these benefits. Modernisation in technology, par ticularly in ICT has brought various different ideas banks or other NBFIs to offer new products and services through new means of delivery. These new products and services and often contain fast transmission of digitized information, facilitating of fund movement and transcending distance within or across the national boundaries (Bradley and Steward,2002) and anonymity (Philippsohn,2001). According to Mishkin and Strahan (1999) and Berger (20003) speed, distance and anonymity are the key factors that are rapidly changing the financial system. However, Masciandro (1998, 99) and Philippson (2001) implied that those new benefits including e-banking and all sorts of e-money technologies have made money laundering activities even more robust. As a matter of fact, FATF (2001) on their typology report identified the online banking facility and internet as the major money laundering vehicle now days. According to Chief Financial Officer Report (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Technology changes have influenced the operating strategies of many banks and Non-banks as they seek to compete in the increasingly fast-paced and globally Inter-dependent business environment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Chapter 3 3) Methodology 3.1) introduction: In this chapter all the data that has been collected will be shown. That data will be analyzed and interpreted in to results. As this is not a very comprehensive research, All the data has been collected from secondary sources. 3.2) Data collection

Donovan Implications - 2267 Words

We laugh about the person who says, ‘I know I’m right; don’t confuse me with arguments’. And yet there are times when we find ourselves wanting to say that too. For there are situations in which we feel sure that we know something, even though if asked to give a good argument to back up our claim we are at a loss to know quite how to do so. ‘I know you’re the person I spoke to on the bus yesterday.’ ‘I know I have two hands.’ ‘I know it is wrong to let that child starve.’ ‘I know that six minus four leaves two.’ Our experience of being confident that we are right in cases like those is often called intuition. Intuitive knowing seems to be a direct, convincing way of knowing, which needs no further argument. And it is a perfectly ordinary,†¦show more content†¦He is keen to point out that it is not a type of argument (‘direct’) and that it is very hard to doubt it (‘convin cing’). By defining intuition in this way Donovan is treating it as a possibly genuine way to gain knowledge, distinct from intellectual argument. Finally, Donovan asks the question, ‘are there such things as intuitions in religious matters too?’ This is his key question. Given that he accepts that intuition works on some level he wants to know whether it can be extended to also work on matters of religion, such as whether God exists and if so, what he is like. Donovan wants to explore whether religious experience can be a basis for intuitive knowledge of God. This is unlike Swinburne’s argument from religious experience where the conclusion ‘God exists’ is deduced from premises. Instead it is not an argument at all, but an immediate apprehension of knowledge of God from experience of God. These are the three key aspects of Donovan’s argument in the above passage. Whilst there are no secondary points to explain the section does link to several key debates in the philosophy of religion. Firstly, in discussing whether religious intuition exists Donovan is contributing to the debate over whether God exists. In addition to philosophers such as Swinburne and Paley, Donovan is offering the possibility of an alternative way to gain objective knowledge of God/that he exists –Show MoreRelatedPresident Truman And The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb1280 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge of the making of the atomic bomb (Donovan, 1977, p.45). However, much focus was placed on using this bomb because of how much time and money had been put into the project (Donovan, 1977, p.45). A major figure who helped push President Truman to use the bomb was former President Roosevelt (Donovan, 1977, p.47). During his time with President Truman, he contributed to the master plan by havi ng crews trained to attack Japan with atomic bombs (Donovan, 1977, p.47). When the time came for theRead MoreThe Feminist Theory Of Animal Studies924 Words   |  4 Pagesconnections among homophobia, speciesism, and animality are abundant and relevant to the discussions presented in this essay. While there are notable authors and scholars within the field of animal studies in feminist theory (see Carol Adams and Josephine Donovan), it is still relatively unestablished. This theoretical paper will examine the prominent discourses in animal and feminist theories. An analysis of the literature reveals that animal studies is an integral, though often ignored, component of contemporaryRead MoreWorking At Peak Efficiency And Employee Job Performance1508 Words   |  7 Pagespersonality that comprise their employees is quintessential for employers. Personality is the unique and relatively enduring pattern of thinking, feeling and acting that characterizes an individual and it can be explained by the Five Factor Model (Hurtz Donovan 2001). By interacting with employees and analysing how they act in response to various situations (personality testing) managers can decide if their personality is the best fit for the job, which in turn helps them decide whether the individual isRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1477 Words   |  6 PagesChristopher Greene, a young black man with a documented history of mental illness, that I have visited with and correspond with regularly; They are Andre Harrison, who has served timed in RJ Donovan Prison, and is now out trying to maintain a job, that I mentor; they are â€Å"Eddie,† still serving time at RJ Donovan Prison, who recently pleaded with me at a worship service at the prison to continue coming out there to visit and participate in the services; they are a Reggie McMillin, who is attemptingRead MoreThe Potential Of The Five Factor Personality Model1126 Words   |  5 Pagesconsistent relationships between FFM personality traits and employee work performance (Barrick, 2002). D imensions such as conscientiousness has been found to be one of the most valid predictors for job performance after general intelligence (Hurtz and Donovan, 2000), whereas other dimensions such as agreeableness where found not to be strongly related to sales performance (Barrick, 2002). FFM model and other models that attempt to better understand personality have the potential to predict employee performanceRead MoreHow The Stereotypes Associated With My Identity Affect Me1176 Words   |  5 Pagescalculus† would be way too specific and less broad. Also, the fact that stereotypes do not necessarily have to be true underscores the idea that people internalize the norms of society instead of reflecting on what we ought or not ought to do. (Donovan 18). Because the stereotypes are repeated so much in the news and everyday conversation, eventually, they become ingrained in people’s minds and become their reality, requiring no further investigation for the truth. Even if a person were to findRead MoreThe Is A New Mother Or Father1280 Words   |  6 Pagesseizure and respiratory related that contribute to the frequent flier problem†. Robert Donovan, MD, and Medical Director of PHI Air Ambulance, says there are a lot of reasons people abuse the ambulance. â€Å"I didn’t have a ride,† â€Å"There was an argument at home,† â€Å"I thought I would be seen quicker,† â€Å"I wanted my family to know I was really sick,† and â€Å"I needed a prescription refill.† These are the ones Dr. Donovan states are the most common reasons. So why is the misuse of ambulance a problem? To nameRead MoreOverview of Alcohol Advertising Essay2476 Words   |  10 Pagesage but there are no other restrictions once the person has entered their date of birth. The advertisement contain phrases which are catchy that make drinking the beverages that are being marketed and campaigned for look trendy but the negative implications that result from the excessive use of these advertisements and how they could cause a lot of harm. There are allegations that the consumption of alcohol by the people who are not of legal age has a correlation with the exposure that the young peopleRead MorePersonality Testing For Select Employees1218 Words   |  5 Pagesan accurate measure of employee job performance, however with increased confidence in how personality is defined (The Five Factor Model) experts are starting to recognize the usefulness of personality tests in predicting work performance (Hurtz, Donovan, 2000). Agreeableness, which is a part of the Five Factor Model, is an important trait in employees ability to interact with others and as such should be investigated into how much of an effect being agreeable is when working in jobs that have a high Read MoreUndoing the Adregenic Response to Treat PTSD1403 Words   |  6 Pagesdisturbed memory function are reflected in current rates of PTSD in returning soldiers, reportedly between 17 and 25 percent (Donovan, 2010). Additionally, the broader range of symptoms, such as flashbacks and intrusive thoughts, reflect the larger impact of the interplay between adrenergic activation, emotional stimuli and behavioral, cognitive and emotional reaction and have implications for further study. Because enhanced memories are associated with endogenous adrenergic activation, it may be possible

The application of SMS Notification-Based Library Free Essays

A library management system, also known as an automated library system is software that has been developed to handle basic housekeeping functions of a library. A Library is a temple of learning which plays a pivotal role in the overall development of a society. But, it is a known fact that libraries are not always safe and secure places and they are facing a variety of security concerns which includes the theft, mutilation of library materials and other unethical losses. We will write a custom essay sample on The application of SMS Notification-Based Library or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, it is the duty of the librarian to pep the library buildings, shelves and stacks open and free without losing items to make available or putting individuals at unacceptable risk from the malicious, avaricious or senseless acts of others. This study aims to develop a Library Management System which is more flexible and less time consuming. According to Manhandling et. Al (201 1), Libraries and information centers are very important in the development of any country,Manhandling(2011). Longitudinal spend on the ALMS is relatively small compared to other core corporate systems. There is an increasing drive for cost reduction through institutional workflow review, yester integration and the streamlining of corporate functions, recognition that the world is changing and that libraries need to change too, taking full account of the complex systems ecology within which they operate ,changing perceptions of what a library collection is and does, including collection and circulation, resource discovery, changes in ownership and control, personalization and seamless access to resources, Veronica, A. T. Al (2008). Comprehensive, flexible and more automated ALMS is yet to be recognized by the community. Libraries are increasingly aware of the need to ‘liberate’ their data to allow users to rate new and innovative services and applications. To do so their platforms will require easy-to-use and accessible services for discovery and delivery. It is evident from the cited studies that a Library Management System (ALMS) is very important in the development o f any country. This study proposes to make use of a biometric device using a biometric, students can now easily transact in the library as compared to the manual process. This study is expected to contribute positively to establishing a way forward for Library Management. A significant part of the study focuses on the roles librarians lay in support of the research process, and the related expectations of researchers. Librarians believe their current role of providing expert advice and teaching on information literacy will continue to be important in the future. But while many researchers agree with this, libraries will need to ensure that effort is put into securing significant take-up of their expertise and advice by the research community. There are some significant differences between researchers’ and librarians’ views as to the future role of libraries in supporting research, and there is a need for dialogue teen them to ensure that library services and expertise are developed and deployed in the most effective way. References: Veronica, A. Et. Al (2008). But the last decade has brought a sea-change in relationships between researchers and libraries. Technological developments and the availability of information resources online have changed how research is done, and also the services that academic libraries provide to their research communities. Both researchers and librarians have welcomed the benefits these changes have brought, adapting rapidly o them and seeking to exploit their potential to the full. And they both look forward to further change in the coming years. Figure 1 – Conceptual Framework of SMS Notification-Based Library Management with Biometric With the help of this system there are new features and process that a user will face in order to manage a Library in a fast and flexible way of working such as in borrowing books and in the process of getting information of the applicant for registration purpose. Here, we developed LMS foALMShe sake of the user and the applicant in order to reduce the requirements that are manually brought. In Figure 1 above you’ll see the new concept of borrowing and registering a mobile user in a private or a public library. This system is designed not Just in a one directed field of service the said system is developed to be a generic Library service. a) We’Ae chose to develop this system in order to make it more helpful and easy to use in a Library station whether it is a public or a private library usage. Here we’ve included a mobile user applicant in order to make his/her notified by the system automatically when the due date comes after borrowing books in the Library. b) In Bhere there can be no oubt tboutmuch of the literature in this area speculates on the future role oflibrbilberriese of which is particularly clear. Since 1995, or what TenopiTenor the â€Å"postweposted†, libraries have been seen as in danger of â€Å"substitution†, HofmanHofmann. The web is becoming â€Å"a ubiquitous source of information† giving an â€Å"illusion ofdeptoptedomprehensiveness†, GriffiGriffith) that leads to a questioning of the valueovalueries and their collections. This review will not speculate on these future roles, butwilbobtail instead on the certainty of changing technology, increasingly digital nformaunpretentiousnessocietal shifts that have changed user expectations of library services. How to cite The application of SMS Notification-Based Library, Papers

Effects on Children When Both Parents are Employed Essay Example For Students

Effects on Children When Both Parents are Employed Essay Socio-economic conditions in North America have contributed to the need for dual incomes for families. Economically, the number of two parent families below the poverty line would increase to an estimated 78% if they were to become single income families. Ontario Womens Directorate 9 Socially, it was the norm, in the past, for women to stay at home having a more expressive role in the family; taking care of the children and providing emotional support for the family. Presently, women feel that their traditional roles as child bearers and homemakers must be supplemented with a sense of achievement outside the home. Recent studies reflect an increased trend towards the dual income family and projections are for this trend to continue. In 1961, 30% of married women were working; in 1978, 38% were employed; by 1981 50% were working and in 1985, 55% held paying positions outside the home. Jarman and Howlett 95 In 1961, only 20% of all two parent families were! dual wage families, but by 1986, more than half 53% of all families were dual earning families. Ramu 26 In light of the fact that the majority of two parent families in the 1990s have also become dual wage earning families, it is important to examine the effects of such a phenomenon on society in general and on child rearing in particular. Children acquire their goals, values and norms based on the way that they view or identify with their parents as well as from the quality and amount of care, love and guidance given to them by their parents. Parents who work present a different image to their children than parents who do not work. In addition, wage earners, including parents, must in most cases, be absent from the home during the day. When considering these modifications to the family dynamics, there is considerable basis for proof that the positive effects outweigh the negative effects experienced by offspring in families were both parents are employed. The working parent occupies an important exemplary role within the family. Working parents often command considerable respect from their children, because they demonstrate the worthy characteristics of industriousness, social compatibility, self reliance, maturity, intelligence and responsibility. Because children identify with their parents, the feedback from such positive influences tends to be positive as well because many of these positive characteristics are imparted upon them. A child who observes the competent coping abilities of a working parent learns in turn, how to cope with lifes problems. At first this may translate into an improved sense of self-reliance and independence for the child as well as an improvement in the ability to be socially compatible. As the child grows, it can further render a child more emotionally mature and hence more competent in dealing with responsibility and task completion such as is needed for school work and extra curricu! lar activities. A study by Hoffman in 1974 corroborates these observations and therefore one can conclude that, in general, the working parent provides a very positive role model for the child in a family where both parents are employed. Hoffman 18 Attitudes of working parents pertaining to achievement, responsibility and independence affect both male and female offspring. There seems to be more beneficial effects felt by daughters of working women than by sons; however, this neither implies nor concludes that males do not receive some positive effects due to maternal employment. Spitz 606 Hoffman has concluded that daughters of employed mothers tend to be more independent. Hoffman 73 This tendency may result from the fact that in the mothers absence, a daughter is often left to cope with caring for herself: This promotes her independence and self-reliance. At the same time, the daughter may also be left with the job of looking after a younger sibling, helping to promote her sense of responsibility. Human Rights in china EssayShreve 61 Working parents are in a good position to prepare their children for that type of lifestyle. Healthy family dynamics including team work, sharing, and responsibility, are more easily adopted when they are already familiar. As far as quality of parenting, it has been observed that women who are highly satisfied with their roles whether they work or not, display higher levels of warmth and acceptance than do dissatisfied mothers and these positive feelings are reflected in their ! relationships with their siblings. Lerner and Galambous 44 Finally, when considering quantity of time spent on parenting when both parents work, it has been concluded by Hoffman in 1974 that there is no consistent evidence of deprivation felt by children of employed mothers. In fact, mothers who were better educated and employed outside the home spent more time with their children even at the expense of their own leisure and sleep time. Hoffman 76 Hoffman also proposes that the time spent on employment simply substitutes for time previously spent on needless or less important household tasks which can be performed by others or not at all. Researchers question the validity of measuring the number of hours a mother spends with her children. Hoffman found that while working mothers spent less time with their children , the time spent with them was more likely to be in direct contact with them. Mothers who are at home full time spend only 5% of their time in direct in! teraction with their children. Hoffman 75 Employed mothers spend about the same time reading to, playing with and otherwise paying attention to their children as do mothers who stay at home. Hoffman 76 Because society has changed, the familys function within society has changed as well. Parental roles have been modified to meet these changes. Today, the familys most important task is to provide emotional security in a vast and impersonal world. Working parents often possess the skills necessary for responding adequately and creatively to the increased stress placed on children to succeed in such an environment. Parents who work must, out of necessity, be adept at providing fresh, innovative and effective modes of parenting even when time with the child is limited. The debate as to whether or not both parents should work or not is really not significant anymore. Both parents are working and will continue to do so and children are not being raised today in the same way as they were in the past. The next generation of parents will be more confident than their predecessors and they and their children will probably never experience the dichotomous feelings that t! odays parents have about the dual income family and its effects on child rearing. Working outside the home and being a good parent at the same time is possible and in both of these tasks there is much to value and treasure. This essay is only for research purposes. If used, be sure to cite it properly!

Julius Caesar Essays - Cultural Depictions Of Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar 9-K In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Decius Brutus and Mark Antony, both Roman Senators, eulogize Julius Caesar, each using a different technique and approach. Brutus, in a somewhat arrogant, to the point, eulogy, attempts to sway the people. He justifies conspiring against Caesar by stating that Caesar's ambition would have hurt Rome. However, in Antony's eulogy, he focuses on Caesar's positive traits, and cunningly disproves Brutus' justification for killing Caesar. The fickle Romans waver between leaders, responding emotionally, rather than intellectually, to the orators. Brutus seeks to explain why he conspired against Caesar. He begins his speech with "Romans, countrymen ...", appealing to their consciousness as citizens of Rome, who, he later says, will benefit as freeman with Caesar's death. This shows that Brutus knows how to lure the crowd, appealing to their better judgement as Romans. He declares that he is an honorable man, and tells them that he will let them judge th e validity of his claims. That is, he will allow the truth to speak for itself. This encourages the crowd to believe him, as an honorable man. He says that he wants them to know the facts; "Censure me in your wisdom, and awake your senses that you may the better judge." Sharing information with the people is flattering and it almost guarantees acceptance. He gets their sympathy by saying that he loved Caesar, daring the people to find anyone who loved Caesar more. Brutus declares that he never wronged Caesar, that he cried for Caesar's love, was happy for his greatness, honored him for his courage, but had to kill him because of Caesar's ambition. He says that the reason for killing Caesar was his great love for Rome. He justifies his actions by saying that he loved Caesar but, "Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more." He then asks rhetorically if the people would want to live their lives as slaves under Caesar's rule or would they prefer to live as freemen with Caesar dead. To anyone insulted by his speech he wonders if, as Romans who love their freedom, they could be offended or reject what he, Brutus, says. He poses the question, "Who is here so base that would be a bondman?" He stresses the point, repeating the line, "If any, speak, for him have I offended." "I pause for a reply.", allows them to respond to his rhetorical questions, giving them an even greater sense that he cares about them and their opinions. They can only respond, " None, Brutus, none." That is, none are offended, they do not disagree or argue with his words or his actions. Mark Antony's eulogy utilizes a different approach. He starts out by addressing the crowd as "Friends" because he wants to come to them as a friend rather than a ruler trying to gain power. He then says, "I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.", thus he can ease in praises of Caesar without the crowd stopping him. He sounds very sincere when he says, "The noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious.... For Brutus is an honorable man." He repeats that statement three more times becoming increasingly sarcastic, saying finally, "Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and sure he was an honorable man." Since the people responded positively to Brutus' speech, Antony could not insult Brutus' honesty in a direct manner. Yet, Antony disproves Caesar's ambition with three examples. One is when he gave the ransom of captives to the public treasury and not his own, another when he cried with the poor people, and finally when he refused the kingship that Antony offered him, three times. Anyone who was ambitious would never have done any such things. Antony says, "I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke." , but that is exactly what he does. Antony is using a dramatic effect on the people, first by entering on the stage with the body of Caesar, and at the end stating that his heart is still with the body of Caesar, ending his speech weeping. In justifying Caesar and disproving Br utus, the people see Antony as a potential successor to Caesar. They are swayed to

Natural Law and Human Rights The WritePass Journal

Natural Law and Human Rights Introduction Natural Law and Human Rights Introduction Human Rights and the Legal TheoriesGreeks Medieval PeriodRenaissance, Reformation and Counter-ReformationSecularisation of Natural LawNatural Law and Social ContractThe 1688 Bill of Rights of England and WalesThe 18th 19th Centuries: Revolutions and RightsChallenges of Universality of Human RightsPeriod after World War II and Development of International LawConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction    Human rights have roots deep in the mists of time yet the term itself dates back barely sixty years to the international discussions preceding the founding of the United Nations. Since 1945, the scope of human rights has been elaborated and the concept now permeates the fabric of international society. Although human rights issues continue to be debated and contested, the longer history of human rights is often unexamined and even forgotten. Human rights, rather than being a 20th century phenomenon, marks both a culmination of and a transition from the Western natural law and natural rights traditions. Human rights are rights possessed by people simply as, and because they are human beings. The term has only come into common currency during the 20th century. Rights are not the same thing as standards of behaviour punishable or required by rules, which can be fundamentally unfair to individuals, or used to oppress minority interests. Human rights are rights and freedomsto which all humans are entitled. Proponents of the concept usually assert that everyone is endowed with certain entitlements merely by reason of being human. Human rights are thus conceived in a universalist and egalitarian fashion. However, there is no consensus as to the precise nature of what in particular should or should not be regarded as a human right in any of the preceding senses, and the abstract concept of human rights has been a subject of intense philosophical debate and criticism. Natural law has objective, external existence. It follows from the ESS (evolutionary stable strategy) for the use of force that is natural for humans and similar animals. The ability to make moral judgments, the capacity to know good and evil, has immediate evolutionary benefits. It evolved in the same way, for the same straightforward and uncomplicated reasons, as our ability to throw rocks accurately. Donald looks at the meaning of natural law from four perspectives. The medieval/legal definition: Natural law cannot be defined in the way that positive law is defined, and to attempt to do so plays into the hands of the enemies of freedom. Natural law is best defined by pointing at particular examples, as a biologist defines a species by pointing at a particular animal, a type specimen preserved in formalin. The historical state of nature definition: Natural law is that law which corresponds to a spontaneous order in the absence of a state and which is enforced, in the absence of better methods, by individual unorganised violence, in particular the law that historically existed, in so far as any law existed, during the dark ages among the mingled barbarians that overran the Roman Empire. The medieval / philosophical definition: Natural law is that law, which it is proper to uphold by unorganised individual violence, whether a state is present or absent, and for which, in the absence of orderly society, it is proper to punish violators by unorganized individual violence. The scientific/ socio-biological/ game theoretic/ evolutionary definition: Natural law is, or follows from, an ESS for the use of force: Conduct which violates natural law is conduct such that, if a man were to use individual unorganised violence to prevent such conduct, or, in the absence of orderly society, use individual unorganised violence to punish such conduct, then such violence would not indicate that the person using such violence, is a danger to a reasonable man. The concept of natural rights arises from the belief that there is an instinctive human ability to distinguish right from wrong. Hugo Grotius believed that people have a ‘right reason’ for doing things. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Immanuel Kant were supporters of natural rights theories, suggesting that we have basic fundamental rights because we are born human. Natural law thinkers see rights as universal and inalienable. Natural rights theories have been the inspiration behind ideas and democratic struggles, forcing politics to protect the rights of citizens. Natural rights theories imply that all human beings are equal and should be treated equally. The demand for equality before the law in individual states is synonymous with the development of international human rights law.It is therefore correct assertion to point out to the fact that human rights have evolved from natural rights as depicted by natural law theories. This paper will trace the changes and continuities of debates and claims about rights throughout the late medieval and early modern periods in order to explore how rights are historically asserted, justified, and defended. It will also delve into the transformation of rights, from natural to human. Human Rights and the Legal Theories The origins of international human rights lie in philosophical discussions evolved through the centuries. The theories of both Locke and Rousseau suffer from their failure to explain how the supreme right of the majority can go together with the inalienable rights of the individual. (Read the fact that legal theories fail to come down on the side of either democratic or autocratic principles of the government.) Historically, the assertion of natural rights has often been linked with a revolt against state, authority and a humanitarian belief in the equality and dignity of all men. This is true of the legal philosophy of Stoics or of Kant. (The idea of equality of men often causes democrats to be internationalists.) The history of natural law is a tale of the search of mankind for absolute justice and of its failure. Again and again, in its course of the last 2500 years, the idea of natural law has appeared, in some form of the other, as an expression of the search for an ideal higher than positive law after having been rejected and derided in the interval. With changing social and political conditions the notions about natural law have changed. The only thing that has remained constant is the appeal to something higher than positive law. The object of that appeal has been as often the justification of existing authority as a revolt against it. Natural law has fulfilled many functions. It has been the principle instrument in the transformation of the old civil law of the Romans into a broad and cosmopolitan system; it has been a weapon used by both sides in the fight between the medieval church and the German emperors; in its name the validity of international law has been asserted, and the appeal for freedom of the individual against absolutism launched. Again it was by appeal to principles of natural law that American judges, professing to interpret the constitution, resisted the attempt of state legislation to modify and restrict the unfettered economic freedom of the individual. Natural law has, at different times, been used to support almost any ideology; but the most important and lasting theories of natural law have undoubtedly been inspired by the two ideas, of a universal order governing all men, and the inalienable rights of the individual. Greeks Greeks were more interested in the philosophical foundations of law rather than its technical development. Though there were bodies of fundamental laws in the classical period, little attention was paid to the idea of universal law. Plato laid the foundations for much of subsequent speculation on natural law though he had nothing to say as such on natural law. His republic was based on substitution for law of the philosopher-king which partook of the divine wisdom but remained uncommunicable to lesser mortals. Aristotle was also not interested in natural law. Natural law as a universal system in Greek World came into the fore with the decline of the city state and the rise of large empires and kingdoms. For this stoic philosophers were responsible. They stressed the ideas of individual worth, moral duty and universal brotherhood Stoicism passed over and influenced over to and influenced Roman thought especially Cicero who defined natural (true) law as â€Å"right reason in agreement with nature†. Medieval Period The existence of a body of basic rights can be traced back to the early thirteenth century in Europe and has featured predominantly in different schools of thought since then. Its origins basically lie in the philosophical discourse with concepts such as liberty and even â€Å"rights†. This was a period when theology of the Catholic Church set the tone and pattern of all speculative thought. The theology was bedevilled by the notion that law and human domination were rooted in sin until Aquinas in the 13thCentury. Aquinas admits that human law, which derives its validity from natural law changes with human circumstances and human reason. Human rights are linked to the rule of law, a concept that imposes inherent limitations on the exercise of absolute power by a sovereign. The rule of law in turn links to the theories of natural law and to an extent religious doctrines. The right to expect rulers to be fair and reasonable, with limited authority in respect to the private lives and of their subjects, translating to the rule of law was first enshrined in paper in England in what is referred to as the Magna Carta of 1215. It enshrined a number of principles which now fall within the broad ambit of human rights, including the principle of equality before the law, a right to property and an element of religious freedom, albeit such rights extended only to nobles. The Declaration of Arbroath in Scotland in 132o, unlike the Magna Carta spoke of the profound right to liberty, rating it above glory, honour, and riches. Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation The renaissance led to an emphasis on the individual and free will and human liberty and a rejection of the universal collective society of medieval Europe in favour of independent national states, and, where the reformation followed, separate national churches. The 16th century also saw the revival of Thomism, a revival of crucial importance for the development of modern natural law theory of the state led by Victoria and Suarez. They took their way of thinking from Aquinas; it was not possible to neglect the law of nature since all men from beginning of creation have been subject to it. The social contract ideologies associated with Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau are also traced to the 16th century. Secularisation of Natural Law The secularisation of natural law is usually held to begin with Grotius. He inaugurated a new era in natural law thinking by his assertion that natural law would subsist even if God did not exist.His main concern was to establish a system of international law to regulate the affairs and warfare of the rising nation states.    Natural Law and Social Contract In Hobbes, the social contract is used in defence of absolutism while in Locke in support of limited constitutionalism. Natural law does not loom large in Hobbe’s thinking, except for the fact that he expressed the main precept of natural law in terms of man’s right to self preservation. To Locke the state of nature that preceded the social contact was not, as conceived by Hobbes, one of brutal horror, but rather a golden age, an Eden before the fall. Rousseau’s political theory has weak links to natural law. The general will has come almost to replace the higher law standard that natural law has typically represented. The emergence of human rights as part of modern domestic law therefore dates back at least to John Locke’s Two Treatises on Civil Government. In 1690, Locke argued that governments were bound in a covenant with the governed to protect an individual’s natural rights to life, liberty, and property. The 1688 Bill of Rights of England and Wales In 1688, the Bill of Rights of England and Wales mentioned minimal rights though with little substance. Whatever the case, these early documents connect as to the evolution of human rights. They show that the thinking of the masses then was directed towards human rights as much as ours is today. The 18th 19th Centuries: Revolutions and Rights Though Vico, Herder and Montesquieu, refuted the idea of a universal natural law common to all mankind due to increase in secularism and rationalism, it is during these two centuries that many philosophers and thinkers focussed on the idea of natural rights, rights which should be enjoyed by all humans. A corpus of basic rights to be afforded to all mankind was an obvious result of such thinking. That corpus found legal expression at the close of the 18th Century. The United States and France adopted statements on rights when proclaiming the independence of the former British North American colonies and when establishing the first French Republic following the 1789 revolution. The United States Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments which were ratified on December 1791, were a big leap into realisation of human rights. The American Bill of Rights refers to freedom of religion, due process and fair trial,and freedom of person and property. The French Declaration was inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence, though predates the Bill of Rights. It begins by stating that me nare born free and are equal in rights. Liberty is defined as being able to do anything that does not harm others. It also touches on rule of law issues such as a fair trial process.Others to be expounded are right to free communication and taxation issues. The rights enumerated by the American Bill of Rights and the French Declaration have modern equivalents in human rights instruments. This was another major step in conversion of human rights from theories and thoughts into real legal instruments that could be enforced and followed. It is arguable that 18th century developments as pertains development of human rights were better those of the 19thcentury where the influential theory of positivism meant that only states had rights in the international arena because of their legal status as subjects of international law rather than individuals whowere viewed as objects of international law. Challenges of Universality of Human Rights How can different countries and cultures have the same problems and values?  This is the main contention to opponents of universality of human rights. The objections to natural law as a basis for rights are long-standing. It is not difficult, of course, to demonstrate that all human beings share certain characteristics. But finding those that constitute the essence of being human and are of sufficient import to serve as a rationale for rights is a bit harder. Universality is one of the key essentials of human rights. All human beings are holders of human rights, independent from what they do, where they come from, where they live and from their inter alia, national citizenship, and their community. The universality of human rights is embedded in and also influenced by the other characteristics of human rights: human rights are categorical, egalitarian, individual, fundamental and indivisible. Kirchschlaeger,asserts that human rights struggle with particular interests. States claim the priority of their sovereignty over the universality of human rights and the private sector claims self-regulating approaches and uses this to define its sphere ofinfluence within certain limits. This challenge is part of the political and legal dimension of human rights and as a consequence of the moral dimension of human rights as well. In this regard, one can recognize a positive tendency of acceptance of human rights by states, a growth of an international institutionalization for the protection of human rights and a progress of the mechanisms for monitoring human rights performances by states to respect the universality of human rights and some small steps by the corporate world. At the same time, it has to be stated that the implementation of human rights is not yet there where it should be, and that the vast majority of human beings are still victims of violations of their human rights . The universality is still a claim, not reality. Human rights are challenged by cultural diversity as well. This challenge is taking place in the moral dimension of human rights. Although the UN Conference in Vienna 1993 reconfirmed the validity of the universality of human rights, the universality faced critics from different quarters because of its alleged western origin. Countries like China, Venezuela and those in the Arab world human rights as too westernized. Currently, an ongoing case against some Kenyan politicians at the International Criminal Court has added to the rant. In seeking a referral of the case by the Security Council, Kenya has the Support of China, Russia and the African countries but the US, UK and France who wield veto powers do not support the bid. This has been seen as a western effort to intrude into Kenyan sovereignty using human rights as a disguise. Religions, cultures, traditions, world views and beliefs benefit indirectly from the human right to freedom of religions and belief. This right enables and enhances the authentic practice of an individual and so the peaceful coexistence of religions, cultures, traditions and world views and the dialogue between them. It is an achievement of humanity to protect this variety. A show of universality of human rights was when the UN Security Council, announced a no flying zone in Libya and with the support of the Arab League, France, US and the UK moved to avert deaths of Libyan civilians by bombing strategic points to immobilize Gaddafi troops. Nickel, observes that the achievements of the human rights movement in have shown both that the optimistic beliefs of proponents of universality were not entirely without foundation and how difficult it is to create genuine international agreement about how governments should behave. Globalization promotes joint ventures between people from different and sharing of ideas or views, thus promoting the development of shared standards. Toespraak views the criticism of universality with skeptism. He argues that although sometimes the concerns are sincere, sometimes they are simply being abused to hide domestic shortcomings or they serve opportunistic political agendas. Recent initiatives at the UN, both in the General Assembly and in the Human Rights Council, such as the Russian initiative to promote the concept of traditional values, the Cuban initiative on cultural diversity, and the Pakistani proposals on interreligious dialogue, are slow but inhis view sure attempts to weaken the fundaments of universal rights. Some states have argued for a classification based on differences in culture, religion and development In the Universal Periodic Review process. This is all reason for growing concern according to him Period after World War II and Development of International Law World War II gave impetus to the modern development of basic principles of human rights and to the general acceptance of the idea that the human rights practices of individual countries toward their own citizens are legitimate matters of international concern. The 1945 United Nations Charter included a general commitment to respect for human rights, but it was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 that provided the basic statement of what have become widely accepted international human rights standards.[2] After World War II, the term human rights came into wide use replacing the earlier phrase natural rights, which had been associated with the Greco-Roman concept of natural law since the end of the Middle Ages. As understood today, human rights refer to a wide variety of values and capabilities reflecting the diversity of human circumstances and history. They are conceived of as universal, applying to all human beings everywhere, and as fundamental, referring to essential or basic human needs. Modern international conceptions of human rights can be traced to the aftermath of World War II and the foundation of the United Nations. [1]The rights espoused in the UN charter would be codified in the International Bill of Human Rights, composing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights The Universal Declaration was bifurcated into treaties, a Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and another on social, economic, and cultural rights, due to questions about the relevance and propriety of economic and social provisions in covenants on human rights. The covenants provide for the right to self-determination and to sovereignty over natural resources. The drafters of the Covenants initially intended only one instrument. The original drafts included only political and civil rights, but economic and social rights were also proposed. The disagreement over which rights were basic human rights resulted in there being two covenants. The debate was whether economic and social rights are aspirational, as contrasted with basic human rights which all people possess purely by being human, because economic and social rights depend on wealth and the availability of resources. In addition, which social and economic rights should be recognised depends on ideology or economic theories, in contrast to basic human rights, which are defined purely by the nature (mental and physical abilities) of human beings. It was debated whether economic rights were appropriate subjects for binding obligations and whether the lack of consensus over such rights would dilute the strength of political-civil rights. There was wide agreement and clear recognition that the means required to enforce or induce compliance with socio-economic undertakings were different from the means required for civil-political rights. From what I have discussed above, we can say that human rights have been classified historically in terms of the notion of three generations of human rights. The first generation of civil and political rights, associated with the Enlightenment and the English, American, and French revolutions, includes the rights to life and liberty and the rights to freedom of speech and worship. The second generation of economic, social, and cultural rights, associated with revolts against the predations of unregulated capitalism from the mid-19th century, includes the right to work and the right to an education. Finally, the third generation of solidarity rights, associated with the political and economic aspirations of developing and newly decolonized countries after World War II, includes the collective rights to political self-determination and economic development. Since then numerous other treaties have been offered at the international level. They are generally known as human rights instruments. Some of the most significant are: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women United Nations Convention Against Torture Convention on the Rights of the Child International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families There are also regional human rights instruments such as the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. Human rights principles, policy, and practices became an increased focus of popular and public attention during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Several influential nongovernmental organizations were formed during this period to monitor and report on human rights matters. In the late 20th century ad hoc international criminal tribunals were convened to prosecute serious human rights violations and other crimes in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The International Criminal Court, which came into existence in 2002, is empowered to prosecute crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, and war crimes.[1] Conclusion    From the foregoing, it can be concluded that, Human laws are subordinate to natural law; some need more guidance to achieve a virtuous life than others; these people can only be compelled to behave well through human law; reason can be good, but it may be used to exploit base desires and cruelty – linking human law to natural law and natural law is used as a set of general first principles under which human law is made using reason. Using natural reason leads to creation of good human law to deal with the needs of practical situations not expressly covered by natural law. Human rights have come a long way to not only receive recognition by individual states, but also at the international arena .Universal validity of human rights norms under the current state of international law, does not permit a denial of the universal character of the human rights laws. When implementing human rights, within the context of the principle of universality, there is room for interpretation. The international community should define the scope or variations. Supervision of the implementation of human rights should be conducted by impartial, independent international bodies and not by individual states, as each state has its own particular views on fundamental rights and freedoms which are shaped by different historical developments. Another major development in the field of human rights is the general acceptance of the principle that human rights are no longer an exclusive domestic affair of states but a legitimate concern of the international community. This principle also reinforces the principle of universality. It is incorporated in the Declaration of the Vienna Conference which was adopted by consensus. With the 21st century bringing in more in the spheres of technological developments and unified world, we can only wait and see to what level human rights can be pushed. As Haule puts it, although human rights have their origin from natural law, it took a system of positive law to provide a definite and systematic statement of the actual rights which people possessed. Bibliography Rhona K.M. Smith, Textbook on International Human Rights, 2004, Oxford University Press, 2nd Ed.   W.Friedman, Legal Theory, 2008,Universal Law Publishing Co. 5th Ed.   Freeman, Introduction to Jurisprudence, (2008) Sweet Maxwell, 8th Ed.   Finer, V Bogdanor and B Rudden, Comparing Constitutions, (1995).   Hegarty Leonard, Human Rights, An Agenda for the 21st Century, (1999) Cavendish   Publishing.   History of Universal Human Rights Up to WW2 Article by Moira Rayner, appearing on universalrights.net/main/history.htm, accessed on 4th March, 2011. Human Rights, Wikipedia, Accessed 4 th March 2011, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right. Natural Law and Natural Rights, paper by  Ã‚   James A Donald, sourced from [emailprotected], accessed on 4 th March 2011. Australian Human Rights Commission, Human Rights Theories, Fact Sheet 3, 2009, accessed on 4th March 2010.   Mark W Janis, sourced from http://law.jrank.org/pages/18657/Human-Rights-International-Law.html, accessed on 22nd March 2011. The Origin of Human Rights and the Challenge of Universality, excerpted from the book, Tainted Legacy 9/11 and the Ruin of Human Rights by William Schulz Thunders Mouth Press, 2003, paper. Sourced from thirdworldtraveler.com/Human_Rights/Origin_Human%20Rights_TL.html, accessed on 21st March 2011. Peter Kirchschlaeger, Universality of Human Rights. James Nickel, Human Rights and Globalisation, sourced from http://ivr-enc.info/index.php?title=Human_Rights_and_Globalization#Challenges_to_Universality, accessed on 21st March 2011. Toespraak, On the Universality of Human Rights in a Changing World, sourced from rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/toespraken/2010/05/03/on-the-universality-of-human-rights-in-a-changing-world.html, accessed on 21st March 2011.   Romuald R Haule, Some Reflections on the Foundations of Human Rights, Max Planck UNYN, 10 (2006).

Discuss the benefits and environmental implications of applying Essay

Discuss the benefits and environmental implications of applying composts and other organic amendments to agricultural land - Essay Example These include sewage sludges, municipal solid wastes, urban yard refuses, food industry residues, wood processing wastes, and agricultural crop residues; these are produced in considerable quantities by the human community, particularly in urban, highly populated areas, state Senesi et al (1996). Besides their application to agricultural land after appropriate treatment, other alternatives for their disposal are incineration, land filling, and discharge to water bodies. However, the most environmentally safe and economically satisfactory solution is the application of composts and other organic amendments to agricultural land. â€Å"This choice also provides advantages which may result in soil fertility and agricultural production benefits† (Senesi et al, 1996, p.533). Organic wastes and residues of any nature require appropriate treatment before soil application. ... conomic benefits to agriculture, the measures to prevent adverse environmental outcomes, alternative options, and whether benefits outweigh negative effects will be examined. BENEFITS OF APPLYING COMPOSTS AND OTHER ORGANIC AMENDMENTS TO AGRICULTURAL LANDS The application of compost benefits the biological, chemical and physical properties of soil. Biologically, compost promotes the development of fauna and microflora, reduces plants’ susceptibility to attack by parasites, and supports the faster root development of plants. Chemically, compost has beneficial outcomes on soil in several ways. It â€Å"increases nutrient content, turns mineral substances in soil into forms available to plants, and regulates the addition of minerals to soil, particularly nitrogenous compounds† (EPA, 1994, p.87). Additionally, compost serves as a buffer in making minerals available to plants, and provides a source of micronutrients. Moreover, compost improves numerous physical characteristic s of the soil including the soil’s â€Å"texture, water retention capacity, infiltration, resistance to wind and water erosion, aeration capacity, and structural and temperature stability† (EPA, 1994, p.87). In Tigray Region of Ethiopia, the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development undertook since 1998 the production of compost as a part of its extension package. By 2007, at least 25% of the farmers were making and using compost. The success of this approach is emphasized by the doubling in the quantity of grain yield between 2003 and 2006, from 714 to 1,354 thousand tonnes. At the same time, since 1998, there has also been a steady decrease in the use of chemical fertiliser from 13.7 to 8.2 thousand tonnes (Asmelash, Araya, Egziabher et al, 2007, p.19). Other regions of Ethiopia are also promoting

Telecom - Verizon Wireless, Sprint, and At&T Case Study

Telecom - Verizon Wireless, Sprint, and At&T - Case Study Example The main objective of purchasing is to preserve the excellence and worth of a company’s goods, to reduce cash tied-ups in register, to sustain the flow of outputs and support the organization’s aggressive position. Purchasing involves development and evaluation of the products’ specifications, reception and processing of requisitions, promotion and evaluation of bids, examination of goods, suitable storage place and release. Thus, it can be said that purchasing is one of the important decisions which needs prior assessment of various factors. The purchasing or buying cycle consists of five major steps1. Purchasing Cycle Source: 1 The buying cycle model according to Weele talks about five factors namely awareness of needs, assessment of alternatives, alleviation of risk, decision and last but not the least achievement of results. With the increasing effects of globalisation and changing business scenario, cellular services have become part and parcel of human life . Increasing need for cellular services has brought quite a few companies into the market. Verizon Wireless, Sprint Wireless and AT&T are three of the popular companies of United States that have successfully catered the need of the customers for certain years. The success of these companies lies on the fact that they could impressively hit the requirement of the prospective customers. The companies came up with foray of alternatives which had been the second stage of the buying cycle model. Verizon wireless provides wireless voice and data products along with services of broadband data. Video services and network accesses are also available to the customers of the company2. Sprint Wireless also provides data and voices services in wireless segment to its customers. Moreover, it provides wireless network with both CDMA and iDEN networks for the customers of United States3. AT&T also provides certain other benefits like WI-FI services, the facility of U-verse which is primarily requi red to send SMS along with high speed broadband and video services. Moreover, the wireless 4G facility and high speed downlink packet access are also provided by AT&T4. The next stage of the buying cycle is the alleviation of risk. While considering the risks, the existing and the prospective customers of any cellular service basically considers the factor of network connectivity. In this context, it can be said that AT&T and Verizon Wireless have higher market penetration in terms of network connectivity in comparison with Sprint. Verizon is also way ahead when compared to two other companies with respect to other add-on services like Bluetooth. The next step of the buying cycle i.e. decision is the most important. The trend of the market depicts that Verizon having better services, also leads in the market share which ultimately depicts that customers have decided to be with the services of the company. In order to ensure long term sustainability, Verizon Wireless needs to ensure that the customers (both existing and the prospective) achieve their desired objectives. The other two companies, on the other hand, need to ensure that they provide services in such a way that they can attain greater market share in due process. Positioning Positioning is an effort to influence the customer perception for a brand or product in relation to its competitive brands. Positioning is one of significant tools of marketing to highlight a brand

Climate Changes Implications To Pacific Islands

Climate Changes Implications To Pacific Islands Based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) fourth assessment report, it identifies small island states as being the most vulnerable countries of the world to the adverse impacts of climate change. The Pacific islands in fact without doubt one of worlds most vulnerable regions when it comes to the risks of disaster due to climate change, especially to the several of the low-laying coral islands. Climate change is already affecting Pacific islands with dramatic revenue loss across sectors such as agriculture, water resources, forestry, tourism and other industry-related sectors. The Pacific islands are subjected to the impacts of climate change caused by excessive fossil burning, deforestation and atmospheric pollution. The Pacific islands see climate change is the major disaster and have openly and continually blame the industrialized nations for failure to take definitive steps towards deteriorating pollution of the global atmosphere. Climate change poses an existe ntial threat to the Pacific islands and may further aggravate conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. This paper examines the implications of climate change on economic, social and political security in the Pacific islands states. KEYWORDS: Climate change, Pacific islands, Small Island states, Pollution Introduction Pacific islands consist of small islands like Kiribati, Tuvalu, Fiji, Cook Islands, Marshal Islands, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. Pacific islands are one of the region are being affected by climate change. Due to their geographical size, the impacts of climate change seem faster that other regions. What is climate change? According to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC), climate change refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that changes the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. As the United Nations Secretary General has said, it is the major, overriding environmental issue of our time, and the single greatest challenge facing environmental regulators. It is a growing crisis with economic, health and safety, food production, security, and other dimensions. Based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) fourth assessment report, it identifies small island states as being the most vulnerable countries of the world to the unpleasant impacts of climate change. The Pacific islands in fact without doubt one of worlds most vulnerable regions when it comes to the risks of disaster due to climate change, especially to the several of the low-laying coral islands like Kiribati and Tuvalu. Climate change is already affecting Pacific islands with dramatic revenue loss across sectors such as forestry, tourism, water resources, agriculture, and other related sectors. The 41st meeting of the Pacific islands Forum, which took place in Port Vila, Vanuatu, from 4th to 5th of August 2010, concluded with the issuance of a Communiquà ©, which contains a section on climate change. According to the Communiquà ©, climate change remains the greatest threat to the livelihoods, security and well-being of the peoples of the Pacific islands. The Pacific islands leaders stress the need for a meaningful legally-binding agreement on emissions reduction to be reached urgently and without delay. This paper will focus on the implications of climate change on economic, social and political security in the Pacific islands. The first part of this paper will provide a brief summary on climate change and the Pacific islands and issues arise from climate change; second, we will examine the implications of climate change: threat to human security such as food, natural resources and ecosystem, and health; migration; and political instability. The impacts of climate change are quite varied. If we look at the physical impacts that climate change is having, we will see the issues arise from climate change are sea level rises and temperature increases. According to Espen Ronneberg, changes in atmospheric and ocean temperatures will be having impacts on Pacific islands through a mixture of physical interactions and one of them is changes in precipitation patterns. Hence, climate change creates an existential threat to the Pacific islands and may further exacerbate conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. Climate change is increasing the harshness and frequency of disasters, which are causing displacement, livelihood insecurity and increasing political instability. This research paper is attempted to discover the implications of climate change on economic, social and political security in the Pacific islands even though there are a few consensus regarding the climate change have been made for example during the 108th Congr ess (2003-2004), nearly 100 bills, resolutions, and amendments specifically addressing climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were introduced. The bills, resolutions, and amendments focused primarily on climate change research and comprehensive emissions cap and trade programs. Additional bills concentrated on GHG reporting and power plant emissions of CO2. Physical Evidences of Climatic Change The Pacific islands are subjected to the impacts of climate change caused by human influences such as excessive fossil burning, deforestation and atmospheric pollution; and due to natural reasons for instance the movement of tectonic plates, orbital variations, volcanism and ocean variability. The Pacific islands see climate change as the major disaster and have openly and continually blame the industrialized nations like United States for failure to take definitive steps towards deteriorating pollution of the global atmosphere. Besides that, the increasing of population growth, tourism and unsustainable exploitation of natural resources negatively impacts the ecosystem. The growth of population is expected to further exacerbate land and resource scarcity and make the situation more badly. Climate change poses an existential threat to the Pacific islands and may further exacerbate conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. Below are the two major issues that arise due to climate c hange. Sea Level Rising The issues arise due to climate change are sea-levels rising, extreme weather events and disasters and livelihood degradation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) agrees the primary issue arise due to climate change is rising of the sea level. Relatively small rises in sea level would make some densely settled coastal plains uninhabitable and create a significant problem. Moreover, any increase in sea level will accelerate the coastal erosion and cause the low-lying island states like what happen in Tuvalu and Kiribati. It is estimated that, the sea-levels are likely to rise for the next centuries to come. Presently, the IPCC predicts sea level rise is most probable to be just short of half a meter, and at least between 9 and 88 cm through 2100, but they also warn that climate change during that time may lead to irreversible changes in the earths glacial system and ultimately melt enough ice to raise sea level many meters over the next decade. Tuvalu is the best example to explain issue of rise of sea level. In early 2000, there were a series of media reporting over sea level rise issues using Tuvalu as an example. The daily life of Tuvalu revolves around the ocean and the immediate threat on the Tuvaluan, economy, environment and its islands is of concern to the Tuvalu government. Tuvalu government has concluded that Tuvalu was destined to become the first nation to be sunk by climate change because it is one of the smallest and lowest-lying countries in the world. Erosion due to sea level rise is not the only issue in Tuvalu. Inundation will increase further inland together with salt water intrusion to destroy underground the freshwater sources. According to McCracken of the United States Global Change Research of Climate change, a 1 cm rise in sea level can consume 1 m or more of beach width towards the sea. Below figure shows the sea level trends for Tuvalu since 1995. Figure 1: The sea level trends Source: Than Aung, Awnesh Singh and Uma Prasad. Sea Level Threat in Tuvalu. (2009) The issue of the rising of sea level is not a new issue to Tuvalu. The actual danger to Tuvalu is the rate of the sea level rise. Figure 1 shows the sea level trends with time, it is quite clear that trends for Tuvalu are more or less horizontal since 1999. It clearly indicates that the sea level rise rate is not accelerating but however, as mention earlier a 1 cm rise in sea level can consume 1 m or more of beach width towards the sea; it shows how dangerous the rising of sea level may affect small islands like Tuvalu. Extreme Weather Events and Disasters The Pacific islands states are more exposed to extreme weather events and climate variability than most countries. The increase in temperature and sea level rise is expected to trigger an increase in natural disasters. The region will experience increasing frequency and severity of extreme events such as heat waves, exceptional rainfall events, droughts, tropical cyclones, storm surges, EI-Nino conditions, and severe diseases. Floods and droughts are particularly devastating for small islands. Many islands rely on regular rainfall to recharge limited groundwater resources. When there is too little rain, or too much at one time, these reservoirs are taxed, threatening food and water security. Flooding and droughts will render whole islands, particularly low-lying atolls, uninhabitable, leading to their abandonment, migration and conflicts over resources, thus endangering security on the islands. This extreme weather has gave impacts to economy such as it led to the decline of tourists to Pacific islands, a good example was the case of Niue, in 2004 Cyclone Heta had destroyed a large part of the island. The summary of the impacts of extreme weather and events as per shown in the below table. Table 1: Impacts of Extreme Weather Events and Disasters Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change Implications of the Climate change to Pacific Islands Threat to Human Security Climate change may result a threat to human security. It may become more difficult for human to satisfy their basic needs. As far as everybody concerned, the needs of immediate action to find solutions for people whose homes, lands and livelihood, are being destroyed by rising of the sea levels and the extreme weather disasters. Ajay Chhibber, United Nations Assistant Secretary-General once said, We recognize climate change to be a critical development challenge with enormous implications for the entire range of development concerns: poverty, livelihoods, food security, conflict and social cohesion, to name a few. He added, At a time of global economic crisis, climate change has the potential to reverse hard-won development gains in the region, which could compromise our collective ability to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and plans for a prosperous, peaceful and secure region. Sea level rise will increase salt water intrusion, thus degrading fresh water resources. The impacts of climate change on freshwater systems are mainly due to the observed and projected increases in temperature, sea level and rainfall variability. An increase in the ratio of winter to annual flows, and possibly the reduction in low flows caused by decreased glacier extent or snow water storage, is predicted. Sea-level rise will extend areas of salinisation of groundwater and estuaries, resulting in a decrease in freshwater availability for humans and ecosystems in coastal areas. Increased rainfall intensity and variability is projected to increase the risks of flooding and droughts in many areas of the world especially to small island states. This will diminish economic sectors such as agricultural production unless new resistant crops are introduced to offset these impacts. The Pacific islands states have traditionally depended upon food production for survival and economic development. In addition, the issue of sea level rise is not the only cause a threat to human security in terms of food security, but the extreme weather also brings negative impact to food security in the Pacific islands. The extreme weather that cause drought also cause many problems particularly in agriculture all over the region. Increased risk of flooding in river catchments also threatens food production. Heavy flooding of the Wainibuka and Rewa rivers in Fiji in April 2004, for example, damaged between 50% and 70% of crops. A few studies have focused on the impacts of climate change on agriculture sector in Fiji. For example changes in temperature and rainfall have influence agricultural production. Sugarcane production is expected to drop by 9% from current conditions with losses averaging US$13.7million a year by 2050. Impacts on traditional crops with 11-15% drop in taro, y am and cassava production with a loss of US$680,000 a year in lost food crops. In terms of the economic costs of climate change impacts, the island of Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, could suffer economic damage averaging at least US$23 -US$52 million a year by 2050 (i.e. equivalent to 2-4% of Fijis GDP). Another best example of the impact of climate change to the lost of agricultural production or food production was Cyclone Ami, for example, caused over US$35 million in lost crops in Fiji in 2003. Furthermore, climate change exposures are likely to affect the health status of millions of people, particularly those with low adaptive capacity, through: increases in malnutrition and consequent disorders, with implications for child growth and development; increased deaths, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts; the increased burden of diarrhoeal disease; and the increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone related to climate change. Moreover, climate change may cause the spread of disease such as malaria and dengue fever. For instance, warming in Papua New Guinea is likely to cause a contraction of the cooler malaria free zone in the highlands. Studies show positive associations between temperature increases and diarrhoea, and between warmer sea-surface temperatures and ciguatera outbreaks. Since the health services in most Pacific islands states already ill equipped and struggling to cope with existing health problems, it is unlikely there will be capacity to effectively respond to the increased health burden caused by climate change. Furthermore, climate change was likely to increase the rates of diarrhoeal disease in Fiji and Kiribati due to decreases in rainfall and increases in temperature. No evidence was presented to show relationship between flooding or heavy rainfall and cases of diarrhoea. yet, the 1997/98 drought (associated with El-Nino) had widespread impact, including malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency in children and infants. In addition, we may see the implications or impacts of the climate change to the Pacific islands states in case of Vanuatu. According to Edward Natapei, the Prime Minister of Vanuatu, more than 80%, of the population of Vanuatu depend on the land for their subsistence farming and contributions to the national economy. Their traditional farming practices have been shaped by their subsistence needs and climatic conditions. Land has always been culturally precious to the Ni-Vanuatu mainly because rights to its ownership and use form a central part of their culture and traditional governance. Increasingly considerable pressure is being placed on access to land by the rapidly growing population. Above has discussed, the three fundamental pillars of human security are natural resources and ecosystems, food, and health. According to United Nations University writer Christian Webersik (2010) identifies climate change as a variable that can drastically undermine each of these pillars, with stark consequences. A poor response to natural hazards and may create anti-government grievances in societies with weak governance structures and stricken by political violence and poverty. Migration The impact of sea level rise from climate change could be catastrophic for the Pacific islands states. The increasing of population growth, shrinking of land mass and declining of income opportunities may result to migration from outer to central islands or to other countries. The unpleasant impacts of climate change increase the rate of domestic migration and relocation, with people from rural areas and remote islands moving to urban centres. The number is growing as people in rural areas are losing their livelihoods and land because of natural disasters and sea level rise. The International Federation of the Red Cross in the World Disasters Report 2001 estimated that more people are now forced to leave their homes because of environmental disasters than war. According to Jonathan Adams in his article written for the New York Times (2007), some experts warn that, ultimately, these issues will combine to power a wave of emigrants fleeing the Pacific islands. Indeed, there are already signs of flight: according to a study by the Australian government, applications for New Zealand residency from eligible Pacific island nations shot up sharply in 2005 and 2006, compared with 2003. Afifi and Warner (2008) find a statistically significant link between environmental degradation and outward migration. Due to the extreme weather events and disasters such as hurricanes, droughts, heat waves, and sea level rise in the source country are found to have a significant and positive link with migration flows. For example, flooding in the source country is found to increase migration, but this relationship is not statistically significant. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change report noted that climate change is likely to very likely to cause higher maximum temperatures, more intense rainfall events, increased risk of drought, increase in tropical cyclone peak wind intensities, and an increasing number of floods in some areas. Tuvalu is the best example to explain the impacts of climate change in the case of migration. Economic factors associated with environmental factors, forcing people from Tuvalu to migrate to new place, this will result in a brain drain. Tuvalu already has an ad hoc agreement with New Zealand to allow phased relocation and many residents have been leaving the islands. The New Zealand government already takes in a quota of Tuvaluans every year, many of whom have found jobs in the strawberry fields and packing plants around Auckland. It has assured Tuvalu that it will absorb the entire population if the worst comes to pass. That is a lifeline that many similarly threatened island nations including Kiribati, Vanuatu, the Marshall Islands, the Cook Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands. There was a debate on the issue of climate change, Climate change Threatens International Peace, Pacific islands Tell UN Debate, on 26 September 2008. The Pacific Island states voice out at the General Assembly on the issue of climate change, promising to table a draft resolution during the climate session that will call on the United Nations to scrutinize the threat posed by climate change to international peace and security. Prime Minister Feleti Vakauta Sevele of Tonga, addressed to the Assemblys annual General Debate to urge other Member States outside the region to show their support for the draft resolution. The prospect of climate refugees from some of the Pacific Island Forum countries is no longer a prospect but a reality, with relocations of communities due to sea level rise already taking place, he said. The resolution is expected to ask United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to commission a report on climate change and security, and to invite the Security Council an d the General Assembly to work together on possible recommendations to deal with any problems identified. In addition, Prime Minister of Samoa, Tuilaepa Lupesoliai Sailele Malielegaoi, urged countries to convert the commitments they made about greenhouse gas reduction into reality. Only through selfless and concerted efforts by all countries led by the major greenhouse gas emitters can we have a fighting chance of lessening the destructive impact of climate change, he said, adding that it also enhances the chances of a credible agreement beyond the current Kyoto Protocol. Derek Sikua, Solomon Islands Prime Minister said he feared that the magnitude of climate change has already outgrown the existing capacity of the UN system to respond. Many smaller countries were being left to find their own solution for themselves against the impact of climate change, as regional groups and other organizations charted their own course. The Prime Minister called for the UNs Small Islands Developing States Unit to be strengthened so that it can help countries, such as those in the Pacific Ocean facing rising sea levels, with special needs. There are a lot of actions was taken by many institution bodies to overcome this problem, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change has changed its initial position on the likely patterns of migration in response to increased disasters and negative effects of climate change. The second change is recognition that physical vulnerability to climate change constitutes only one factor in a persons overall vulnerability to environmental hazards. Political Instability The nations of the Pacific are, in general, developing island states that are geographically distributed and economically varied. The level of development of the Forums island member countries varies considerably across the region as does the quality of governance. Access to resources is often difficult due to the geographic distances and resources are often scarce and in demand. Climate change is increasing the unpredictability of weather patterns, such as increasing the incidence and intensity of cyclones. Political stability is volatile in many of the regions nations especially to Pacific islands region. Across the region, the population demographics are changing with the average age reducing; while education and access to it is improving opportunities for youth are still limited compared to the more developed nations of the world. If a country becomes unstable and no longer capable to respond to other challenges, it will diminish the capacity of the country to peacefully interfere domestic and international conflicts. The multiple stresses may give rise of to several conflicts constellations, where the interactions of climate change with other factors increase the risk of violent conflicts. Disputes over land as a result of inequalities and frictions between traditional and introduced of land management system as well as intra-state migration may become aggravated. Many conflicts were related to land issues. However, the scale and intensity of conflicts and the level of instability vary across the regions. The adverse impacts of climate change alter the distribution and quality of natural resources such as fresh water, arable land, coastal territory, and marine resources. These changes can increase competition for scarce resources, with the increased possibility of armed conflict. Existing tensions within the Pacific islands states will similarly be heightened especially in already unstable areas and can endanger national security as well as be a threat to international peace and security. According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (2001), owing to factors of limited size, availability, and geology and topography, water resources in small islands are extremely vulnerable to changes and variations in climate. Moreover, a reduction in the size of the island, resulting from land loss accompanying sea level rise, is likely to reduce the thickness of the freshwater lens on atolls by as much as 29%. Increases in demand related to population and economic growth, in particular tourism continue to place serious stress on existing water resources. Shifting boundaries of existing land are particularly problematic for communities with collectively owned lands. The blurring of boundaries can intensify the disputes between communities over land ownership and usage, as communities may fight to re-claim their share of natural resources. This could lead to conflicts between individuals and communities as they try to redistribute resources, and is likely to evolve into a security threat if not dealt with in a transparent and equitable manner. Multipliers of Conflicts Climate change is not like other conventional security threats. The combination of the threats stemming from climate change impacts of increased water and food insecurities, rising sea levels, and increased extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and cyclones, will create risks to national and regional security as well as to international peace and security. Because climate change has multiple impacts in many different areas, it has the potential to cause multiple problems simultaneously and erode already fragile conditions, both environmental and economic. The combination of increased disease due to lack of potable water, flooding and coastal erosion, lack of food, and migration will continue to escalate into humanitarian crises that will strain government resources around the globe and especially within the Pacific. In the Solomon Islands, the combination of various adverse impacts of climate change led to armed conflict, requiring the deployment of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). As environmental migration is usually internal and short term, the possible for instigating conflict is quite minimal. Yet, unstable urban and rural demographics are related to higher risks of civil war and low level communal conflicts during periods of environmental stress are common. The Future of Pacific Islands The Survival of Pacific Islands Environmentalists have warned that the effects of climate change, caused by a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, will include thermal expansion and a meltdown of glaciers. That could lead to the rising of the sea level and extreme weather events and disasters, and would be devastating for countries such as Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and China. However, the small nations of the Pacific, where some of the worlds lowest-lying islands are situated, would be the first to be swamped. Those considered mostly in danger, as well as Kiribati, are Vanuatu, the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, and parts of Papua New Guinea. Dozens of families have been forced to move, dismantling their wooden huts piece by piece and reassembling them further back from the water. Now the population is being squeezed into an ever narrower strip of land between the lagoon and the Pacific. Environmentalists have predicted that the effects of rising sea levels will be borne disproportionately by the worlds most poor countries, which make a insignificant contribution to climate change and are least well equipped to adapt. A report this month by the CSIRO, Australias government scientific organisation, forecast that climate change in the Asia-Pacific region could see the rising of sea level by up to 19 inches by 2070. So, there are possibilities that small islands states in the Pacific islands could be sunk in the future. So, what are the options that the Pacific islands have? For those islanders who are worried about the future, have been leaving their island for other Pacific states like Australia and New Zealand. In the case of the New Zealand, their government has a scheme entitled Pacific Access Category (PAC) that allocate up to 75 Tuvaluans per year to settle in New Zealand as Climate Changed refugees. According to Oxfam, in order to overcome or at least reduce the impact of climate change, they have outlined a few adaptation projects. Among the adaptation are protective planting, crops diversifications, water harvesting, irrigation and water reservoirs, community climate-proofing programmes and so forth. In the protective planting what they do is they plant trees to combat erosion problem. For example, in Tuvalu, work is being done in response to the flooding of agricultural land. Communities are drawing on local knowledge, with a strong focus on planting mangroves to stabilise the coastal environment. Activities like this are developed using local peoples traditional methods rather than new and unfamiliar ones. Moreover, on Fiji and Kiribati, mangroves are being planted to stabilise coastlines and riverbanks to help combat the effects of erosion. On the other hands, in crop diversification programme, the Members of the Tuvalu Climate Action Network (TuCAN) are looking at climate adaptation initiatives to address issues like coastal erosion and food security. Root crops like taro take years to be harvested; with the current sea surges, the salty water gets into the taro pits and kills the plants. The group is looking at bringing in species from other countries to help overcome this problem. Climate change adaptation in the Pacific involves, among other projects, rainwater harvesting and desalination. The Tuvalu governments Water and Sanitation Strategy includes the construction of around 300 large rainwater tanks in the capital, Funafuti. Households are instructed in the maintenance of roof catchment and guttering and the management of the collected water for domestic use. Following the Samoa tsunami in 2009, Oxfam provided affected families with rainwater harvesting materials. Guttering and collection tanks were provided for families who had relocated inland, and the system was incorporated into the design of new homes. This means an ongoing supply of clean water, with communities able to respond to future water shortages. Small grant schemes in Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Tonga provide funds for community-initiated climate change adaptation projects. In Tonga, Samoa and Vanuatu, communities have increased their water storage capacity by constructing rainwater tanks. On the drought-prone island of Aniwa in Vanuatu, communities have built small solar desalination stills capable of producing enough fresh water for drinking. In the Pacific islands itself, there are many innovative community-based projects initiate by Oxfam that aim to climate-proof villages and develop resilience to the impacts of climate change and natural disasters. For instance in Fiji, the Fijian village of Korotarase is located on low-lying, swampy land alongside a river and beach on the northern island of Vanua Levu. In March 2007, heavy upstream rainfall combined with a king tide and the village was flooded. The people of Korotarase have since joined with five other Fijian villages and are working to climate-proof their homes and communities in preparation for future impacts caused by tidal surges, coastal erosion or flooding. They are trialling salt-resistant varieties of staple foods such as taro; planting mangroves, native grasses and other trees to halt coastal and riverbank erosion; protecting fresh water wells from salt-water intrusion; and relocating homes and community buildings away from vulnerable coastlines. Another example is Kiribati. The Republic of Kiribati is one of the worlds least developed countries (LDCs). The low-lying nation is made up of 33 atolls and reef islands stretching 5000 kilometres across the central Pacific. The Kiribati Adaptation Program is made up of a range of actions, including raising awar