Police Use of Force Essay

Police use of force is a tool that is taught to every Officer to help diffuses a situation, it is not meant to do harm, but to ensure the safety of the Officer and the people that are involved in the situation. In some rare cases there are Officers that abuse their power and with the use of excessive use of force on individuals is an issue, Officers not thinking of what the effects it has on the victim, the alleged perpetrator or the community that it occurs in. The ethical or unethical use of force is determined by the community, society, and often a judge and jury. Today’s society there are often electrical devices that capture uses of force which are often used against Law Enforcement, these devices often capture a use of force that had gone bad like in the Rodney King case for example . The Misuse of authority like in the case against Chief Charlie Beck in the Los Angeles Police Department the outcome and concerns with a case like this. The cause and effects of Police use of force in our society and the ethical and unethical outcomes it has. Police Use of Force Use of force is the â€Å"amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject.† (National Institute of Justice) Police are given this special tool to help enforce their safety and the safety of others when in a dangerous situation, they are taught this through education and training that is kept up yearly to ensure they are the best they can be at all times. The ways that an officer can use force is verbally, physical-restraint, less-lethal force, and when necessary lethal force. â€Å"Police officers should use only the amount of force necessary to control an incident, effective arrest, or protect themselves or others from harm or death.† (National Institute of Justice) Unfortunately, at times there are some police officers have felt that they are above this rule and have used excessive force in unnecessary situations. This is a problem both ethically and lawfully. One of the most famous cases where use of force was abused is the Rodney Kin g beating, this case was national news. This case was a use of force that had accrued in California with the LAPD. Their Police Chief Charlie Beck is being accused of letting officers who have used excessive force go unpunished. It is important for all law enforcement officers to only use force when absolutely necessary and all verbal commands have been expired. In today’s society there is always someone watching and often with some type of recording device recording all actions of Law Enforcement to catch them in an unfavorable situation. Violating use of force protocol is unethical because it does harm to people who do not deserve it, it’s not just the physical damage it can do but the mental as well. It would also be viewed as unethical because it is not for the greater good or overall happiness of everyone. It also appears to makes the police officer look untrustworthy and uncontrollable. This was what happen in the case for Rodney King, who had beaten by three police officers while their supervisor watched. Unfortunately Mr. King was beaten with metal batons, stomped on, and kicked as he lay on the ground defenseless. King was being arrested after sending police on a high speed car chase, that could have injured many innocent bystanders, but that does not justify the actions that were taken upon him. While the officers were trying to arrest him, Mr. King had put up a fight, resisting arrest, so the Officers, shot him twice with a stun gun, unfortunately still he resisted. When he finally rose to his feet, t his is when the beatings began. Unfortunately for the Officers but fortunately for Mr. King, all of this was caught on tape. Even though it was apparent what the Officers had done to be unethical when the case went to trial all of the officers were found innocent. This verdict caused such outrage with many people who followed the case that soon after the verdict was announced riots erupted all over Los Angeles. This is a perfect example of society losing faith in our Criminal Justice System they see the proof of what the Officers had done wrong yet they hw were not held accountable for their actions. When things like this are released it makes our justice system look sloppy, unprofessional, and most importantly unethical. It is understandable that the officers were probably upset that King had sent them on a dangerous car chase and resisted arrest; however, once he was subdued they should have put the cuffs on him, and placed him in the police car, and take him away. Instead, it looks like these officers took out their frustrations on Rodney King brought justice they felt he deserved into the street without a judge or his peers or a right to a fair trial. This would be seen as unethical because it was not for the overall happiness of everyone, it did not do any good, and the officers did not follow by the rules. They took themselves and placed themselves above what society feels to be acceptable and they broke that trust. Another ethical case involving use of force is also in Los Angeles, California. This is a recent problem involving the Chief of Police Charlie Beck. Beck is being accused of not punishing police officers who have used excessive force. â€Å"Since Beck took over as chief in late 2009, the commission has ruled on about 90 incidents involving officers who fired weapons or used other deadly force. In almost all of them, Beck concluded the officers used force appropriately and urged the commission to clear them of wrongdoing. The board followed his guidance most of the time.† (Rubin) However, four shootings that involved three people being killed and another three wounded by gunfire the commission did not agree with the Chief. This did not persuade Beck to invoke punishment to the officers involved in the shootings. He agreed that one of the officers had been wrong in his choice to fire, but still did not punish him. The commission fears that the lack of punishment toward officers who use excessive force could be sending out the wrong message to members of the LAPD. I would agree with the commission that Beck is sending out the wrong message. If an officer is already lacking good moral judgment when faced with a dangerous situation they may over-react to it if they know there are no consequences for their actions. â€Å"Every day, law enforcement officers face danger while carrying out their responsibilities this is something they decided to do take an oath and are to abide by what they have been taught and represent. When dealing with a dangerous—or unpredictable—situation, police officers usually have very little time to assess it and determine the proper response.† (United) We can make sure that when faced with these situations police officers make the right decision through proper training. Such training could include knowing the Use of Force Model. As taught this model is a guide to what use of force actions are appropriate for each situation and should be carried out in such a manner. For example, if someone is assaultive (trying to cause bodily harm) the officer should use defense tactics to subdue the individual first trying all verbal communication before resulting in a physical altercation. Another training guide that is used is the Police Training Model, which w as created in 1999 by PERF and the Reno Police Department. This model â€Å"addresses the traditional duties of policing in the context of specific neighborhood problems and includes several segments on the use of force.† (United) It is very important for police officers to make ethical decisions while in the field. It is important because it is their duty to protect and serve. It is also important because we as citizens look up to law enforcement and if they are caught doing something unethical it can ruin the respect and trust we have in law enforcement. When faced with dangerous or a tough situation police officers need to be trained to quickly make the best and most ethical decision possible. Police officers like those who beat Rodney King should be punished and made an example of. It is not ethical to hurt someone just because you have the power to. â€Å"The criminal justice system is designed to enforce moral rules that have been written into the criminal law. Aristotle believed that justice consist of giving each person his or her due† [ (Jay.S, 2013) ]. Maybe the Police Officers in both cases felt they had to take on the ethical teachings of Aristotle. When looking at today’s society and if you go back as far as there is written proof the court systems and law enforcement rules and regulations have grown and developed into more evolved court system and law enforcement for society to follow. At one time it was not unethical to flogged or whip a person, this was to deter them from committing future crimes, this is where Officers like the ones in these cases may have gotten by with physical abuse and unnecessary of force. Fortunately for us as citizens we have constitutional rights and there are laws in place to protect us from unnecessary use of force and the citizens of The United States of America are allowed their freedom, a speedy trial among a group of their peers fair, representation and the right not to be harmed by those who hold authority by law in which they represent. We have ethical responsibility s citizens to follow the rules and regulation of our count try and they s Law Enforcement Officers have n ethical obligation to lead by example. References 1. Harari, O. (1993). Lessons from the Rodney King tape. Management Review, 82(8), 20. 2. Jay.S, A. (2013). Professional Ethics In Criminal Justice Being Ethical when no one is looking. 3rd edition. In A. Jay.S, Professional Ethics In Criminal Justice Being Ethical when no one is looking. 3rd edition (pp. 1-153). Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall /Pearson. 3. Jefferis, E., Butcher, F., & Hanley, D. (2011). Measuring perceptions of police use of force. Police Practice & Research, 12(1), 81-96. doi:10.1080/15614263.2010.497656 National Institute of Justice. â€Å"Police Use of Force.† National Institute of Justice. Office of Justice Programs, 20 Jan. 2012. Web. 19 July. 2013. . 4. Matheson, V. A., & Baade, R. A. (2004). Race and Riots: A Note on the Economic Impact of the Rodney King Riots. Urban Studies (Routledge), 41(13), 2691-2696. doi:10.1080/0042098042000294628 5. Rubin, J. (2012, 04 16). Beck facing rare criticism Improper use of force is tolerated too often, police panel says. Retrieved from Los Angeles Times : http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/16/local/la-me-beck-discipline-20120416 6. Rubin, Joel. â€Å"LAPD to Hold Meetings on Use-of-force Policies.† Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 10 Sept. 2012. Web. 21 July 2013. . 7. Stuart, F. (2011). Constructing Police Abuse after Rodney King: How Skid Row Residents and the Los Angeles Police Department Contest Video Evidence. Law & Social Inquiry, 36(2), 327-353. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01234.x 8. United States Department of

Consumer-Directed Health Care and The Disadvantaged

Writing from his aerie as a law professor at Georgetown, M. Gregg Bloche takes a dim view of high deductible coverage, tax-subsidized health savings accounts (HSA’s), recently added to the payment mix for health care in America.   He reasons that the poor and minorities (all too often one and the same) generally earn too little to set aside money in consumer-directed health plans (CDHP), they have imperfect information, they lack access to the best-quality health care, and they may well wind up subsidizing the inpatient costs of the middle and privileged classes.   The author suggests relieving the burden on the poor by providing them more lavish tax subsidies, charging well-off patients more for their health coverage, and giving the poor advantageous prices for â€Å"high-value† care.Where the Case for the â€Å"Disadvantaged† Falls ShortUltimately, Bloche rests his arguments on a shared philosophy of should’s and ought’s, that a civilized soci ety must ensure equal access to the best medical care.   This is a perilous stand, an ideal paradigm of social justice that has extremely elastic boundaries.   As a law teacher, Bloche is concerned chiefly with equity.   Taken to a logical conclusion, such a stand obligates health care leaders to provide addicts disposable needles as the Dutch do (and never mind if they do not want to enter a rehab facility), make injected opioid therapy freely available to heroine addicts (Britain), and permit legal abortion to teenagers without benefit of parental consent (U.S.).   In short, the author may be well-meaning but he presents his case in the realm of political and legal ideology.America has always stood for protection of the oppressed.   Given how minorities have suffered bias, prejudice and outright repression, Bloche argues, their poverty is not of their own making.   They should not be forced to pay for health care by digging into money they need for basic necessities: f ood, shelter, and utilities.   This argument is weak in three respects.First of all, the income disparities are not as wide a gulf as he makes them out to be.   In the 2005 Census, mainstream White households had median incomes of $49,000 (Census Bureau, 2006) compared to $34,000 for Hispanics and $30,000 for Blacks. But the real story is that the fastest-growing minority, Asians, recorded a median income exceeding $57,000.   Here is a minority that has endured prejudice and residential segregation too but has pulled itself up by its collective bootstraps in America.Second, African-Americans may be twice as likely to be unemployed (8%) as Caucasians (4%) but they are only slightly more prone to go â€Å"bare† where health insurance is concerned:In 2004, 55 percent of African-Americans in comparison to 78 percent for non-Hispanic Caucasians used employer-sponsored health insurance. Also in 2004, 24.6 percent of African-Americans in comparison to 7.9 percent of non-Hispan ic Caucasians relied on public health insurance. Finally, in 2006, 17.3 percent of African-Americans in comparison to 12 percent of non-Hispanic Caucasians were uninsured (Office of Minority Health, 2007).While conceding the fact that a good one-fourth of African-Americans rely on public health insurance, the comparable incidence is just 4 percent to 11 percent for Asians and this is notwithstanding the fact that some of the latter are unemployed or live below the poverty line.Third, Bloche also wears blinders in conveniently ignoring the fact that CDHP’s are only one element in the insurance or subsidy mix that include Medicare and Medicaid.   He argues for subsidies and tiering to favor the poor but, in conceding that these will probably not gain traction, he raises a straw man of despairing liberal ideology without offering a workable alternative.Hence, the flaw in his argument ensues: ignoring the fact that CDHP’s are voluntary.   In an analysis conducted at on e multi-choice firm, Greene et al. (2006) revealed that those who elected the high deductible CDHP (there was a low-deductible option) were healthier anyway and were better educated than those going with Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO).One concedes that the promise of marketplace reform in lieu of government-imposed restructuring dating from the Clinton presidency has not succeeded yet (Gordon & Kelly, 1999).   Health care costs continue to spiral out of control and there are quite simply not enough physicians and nurses to render meaningful, high-quality care all around.   And yet, Bloche as outsider can perhaps be forgiven for not knowing about the existence of charity wards (overcrowded through they are) and the fine coordinated care that goes on all the time in teaching hospitals.The latter quickly shows up on the bills of insured and paying patients but may proceed behind the scenes without indigent patients necessarily knowing about it.   For this is, in essence, the most humane of professions.   This is also why Bloche’s fear that those at the frontlines, in emergency and outpatient services, will refuse to at least inform indigent patients about high-value tests and treatments is refuted in daily practice.One can rely on the innate high empathy of medical practitioners to discern when patients decline care due to cost, and hence to counsel patients that certain â€Å"savings† may put them at risk (White, 2006).   In fact, access to high-value preventive care (for e.g., diabetics, the hypertensive, those at risk for stroke) has been addressed by HCA rules that explicitly mandate â€Å"first-dollar coverage† for preventive care.   This includes those needed for control of chronic disease (Baicker, Dow & Wolfson, 2007).That said, talent does go where the money is and paying or well-covered patients have readier access to diagnostic tests and therapies.   Until the government can budget the sums necessary to transf orm the healthcare system to a welfare state like the British NHS or the Nordic nation models, both White and minority citizens must earn their keep with the kind of hard work, business acumen and economic rewards needed to purchase adequate coverage.ReferencesBaicker, K., Dow, W. H. & Wolfson, J. (2007). Lowering the barriers to consumer-directed health care: Responding to concerns. Health Affairs, 26(5), 1328-32.Census Bureau (2006) 2005 census: Household incomes by race. Retrieved March 14, 2008 fromGreene, J., Hibbard, J.H., Dixon, A. & Tusler, M. (2006). Which consumers are ready for consumer-directed health plans? Journal of Consumer Policy, 29(3), 247-262.Gordon, C.G. & Kelly, S.K. (1999) Public relations expertise and organizational effectiveness: a study of U.S. hospitals. Journal of Public Relations Research 11, 143.Office of Minority Health (2007) Asian-American profile. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Retrieved March 14, 2008White, B. (2006). How consumer-driven health plans will affect your practice. Family Practice Management, 13(3), 71-8.

The Importance Of Proper Sexual Education On Sex - 1015 Words

Kaislyn Lyons Mr. Ray English 1301.3 20 November 2015 The Importance of Proper Sexual Education In life, high school especially, sexual education is very important and can truly impact a person’s life. Improper education on sex can lead to many life-changing mistakes. These blunders can be avoided with proper knowledge. Although students should be encouraged to remain abstinent, they should still be taught about contraception and practicing safe sex. With proper sexual education, abstinence rates will increase and the numbers of teenage parents will decrease. In today’s society, sex is everywhere. It is on TV, in music, in novels, magazines, and even hidden. As a teenager, peer pressure also has a very strong presence. Kids are encouraged by their peers to look a certain way, act a certain way, belief certain things, and change themselves to fit in with the â€Å"norm†. Whenever they do not meet the standards of society they are teased for being different. This negativity increases when it comes to the topics of sex. Just because an individual has chosen to abstain for sexual activity, they are dubbed an outcast. Their beliefs and strong morals come back to bite them in the presence of their peers. Premarital sex is often glamorized. Teens are shown that engaging in sex is â€Å"cool† despite the risks. This obscure view is due to a lack of information and proper education. Many schools often shy away from the subject of sex. Parents also shut out the topic. This leaves teens to lookShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Teen Sexual Activity On The United States986 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Most of us are familiar with the alarming statistics about teen sexual activity in the United States. Among high school students, 54 percent (including 61% of boys and 48% of girls) say they have had sexual intercourse. According to a 1992 Center for disease Control Study. The # of 9th Graders who say they ve had sex is 40%. 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Another significant reason for the importance of STD prevention is nearly half of the new cases of infected individuals are young adults between the ages of 15-24 (URead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Sex Education965 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early 1960’s the controversial issue of sex education started to become a more prevalent conversation among educators and parents alike when the Food and Drug Administration approved the sale of oral contraceptives(Szustek, 2009). Though the topic was previously being discussed as early as mid to late 19th century, it was not deemed completely necessary or an appropriate topic for school aged children prior to this point. In the United States more than 750,000 girls between the ages of 15-19

Computer Security and Sony Data Breach Essay - 3532 Words

Information Systems for Management: BUSI 502 Subject Matter: Sony Reels from Multiple Hacker Attacks Sony’s PSN Hackers’ Incident New Cost Estimates for the Hacking Incident General data breach issues. According to Osawa (2011), costs associated with the 2011 Sony data breach involving Sony Corp.’s online videogame are over a billion dollars as it takes steps to repair its customers’ base and protect its customers. Nobuo Kurahashi, as Mizuho Investors Security analyst maintained that a complete and thorough assessment of potential impact on Sony’s future business would be more difficult to quantify (as cited in Osawa, 2011). The analyst argued that if data security concerns damage Sony’s brand image, this could undermine the†¦show more content†¦Customers to leave Sony because of the incident and reports of fraudulent use of identities obtained from the hack. While there have been no reports to date of the Sony hacker(s) using the stolen identities of Sony’s customers, the breach to Sony’s PlayStation Network involved millions of people around the world who used Sony’s PlayStation video game s ystem and who may have had their credit card information stolen in the 2011 hacking incident (PBS, 2012). This hacking incident against Sony could have potentially included over seventy-seven million user accounts that were disconnected worldwide. The hacker obtained information to include players’ names, addresses, birth dates, email addresses, passwords and log-in names. According to Kevin Poulsen, senior editor at wired.com (as cited in PBS NewsHour, 2012), its going to cost Sony a lot of money and a lot of fan loyalty. Some of the people leaving Sony are not going to care about the breach itself. They are just going to be extremely angry that they were denied access to the PlayStation Network for so long. 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Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal All Over - 627 Words

In May 2013, a Gallup poll showed that 53% of Americans support same sex marriage (â€Å"Gay† 3). Same sex marriage has been legalized in 17 US States and the District of Columbia. 33 states have laws and or constitution amendments that ban the marriage of two people that share the same gender (5). Same sex marriage has been in a debate going on in our country for a while. By legalizing same sex marriage in all states, there will be an increase in adoptions, a financial increase and help the mental and physical appearance of thousands of Americans. According to the Human Rights campaign, there are at least 1 million children are being raised by same-sex couples in the United States (3). Allowing same sex marriage would provide thousands of children with stable homes. This would take many children out of foster care and prevent them from returning (â€Å"Gay† 3). Over 100,00 children are waiting to be adopted in the United States (3). The process of adoption would go qui cker and easier if same sex marriage was legal in all states because there would be less paperwork to go thru. In July of 2010, a study concluded that children of gay fathers were â€Å"as well adjusted as those adopted by homosexual parents† (4). By changing the laws of marriage against homosexuals, there would be thousands of newly formed families. Making marriage for homosexual couples legal in the remaining 33 states would give many of these children permanent homes, make the adoption process easier and have newlyShow MoreRelated Same-sex Marriage Should be Legal Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex Marriage Should be Legal    I do. These two simple words have the power change lives in an instant. For most people, the phrase conjures up images of a man and a woman being joined in marriage. But for gays and lesbians, having the chance to legally say I do is a far-off dream, not a reality. In many European countries, marriages between same-sex couples are federally recognized, but unions of American homosexuals still go unrecognized by the United States government. Same-sexRead More Gay and Lesbian Issues - Homosexual Couples Must Be Allowed to Marry798 Words   |  4 Pagesin marriage. But for gays and lesbians, having the chance to legally say I do is a far-off dream, not a reality. For years in other countries, same-sex couples have had their marriages federally recognized, but the unions of American homosexuals still go unrecognized by the United States government. Same-sex marriages deserve to be legalized in this country. Homosexual couples should be entitled to the same rights as heterosex ual couples. First, look at the issue in purely a legal fashionRead MoreMarriage Is A Fundamental Right Of All Humans1706 Words   |  7 Pagesdo us part. 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Futurist John Naisbitt, author of Megatrends, has studied the change in the public’s perspective on gay marriage. Naisbitt asserts: â€Å"In just my lifetime, weRead MoreGay Marriage : Same Sex Marriage1611 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: SAME-SEX MARRIAGE NATIONALLY Same-Sex Marriage Nationally Makenzie L. Griffin Albia Community School District Authors Note This paper was prepared for government, period 2, taught by Mrs. Peterson. Abstract Same-sex marriage nationally has become more and more common now than it used to be in the nineteen-eighty’s. There are many organization groups that help spread the word about lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender issues and why it is wrong to discriminate againstRead MoreLegalization of Same-Sex Marriage1446 Words   |  6 Pageshomosexuals are demanding the same rights and benefits as others (The Gay Rights Movement). 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Glucose Molecule - Experiment of Glucose Molecule Free Solution

Question: Describe about the experiment of Glucose Molecule? Answer: 1.0 Aim of Experiment: To carry out initial structural analysis of -D-(+) -Glucose using NMR techniques (1-dimensional) such as 13C-DEPT 135, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. In addition to perform, further structural analysis by 2-dimensional NMR such as HSQC, COSY, HMBC and TOCSY. Also, observe the influence of its structural characteristics on coupling constant and chemical shift on the NMR spectrum. 2.0 Introduction Glucose molecule Glucose is a simple monosaccharide sugar, which is considered as one of the most important carbohydrates. Glucose is used as a resource of energy in plants and animals. It is found that glucose is one of the main products used in respiration and photosynthesis. Glucose is found in nature as D-glucose, which is commonly known as dextrose. Food industries manufactured glucose always in dextrose form. A glucose molecule is consisted of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules. The chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6. Glucose is composed of 6 carbon atoms and contains an aldehyde group as the functional group, therefore glucose can be classified as an aldohexose. Glucose molecule can further be classified into either L or D series depending on the maximum number of its chiral center, C-5. At this C-5 position, if OH functional group is situated at the left of the plane, it can be classified as L-glucose. On the other hand, D-glucose is the mirror image of L-glucose. it is observed that g lucose is more stable in its ring structure compared to open-chain structure. The reason behind the stability of ring structure is, the hydroxyl group on C-5 is prone to react with the carbonyl group on C-1, which results in the production of a closed pyranose ring (Figure 1). Therefore, glucose is further found in two isomeric forms such as -D-glucose and -D-glucose. In -D-glucose, the OH functional group on C-1 is formally trans to the CH2OH (on C-5). On the other hand, these two groups are found in cis position in -D-glucose (Figure 1). In this experiment, the structural properties of -D-glucose are focused, as glucose is the most abundance aldohexose found in living organisms. To find out the structural properties of this monosaccharide, the researchers have used many NMR spectroscopy techniques. Figure 1: Anomeric forms of D-glucose NMR spectroscopy NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) induces transitions between different nuclear spin states of samples by using radiofrequency radiation in a magnetic field (Stothers, 2012). It is found that NMR spectroscopy is generally used in quantitative measurements; however, it is most useful to determine the structure of molecules (along with mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy) (Gnther, 2013). The utilization of NMR spectroscopy to determine the structural characterization arises because different atoms in a molecule face different magnetic fields. This phenomenon is responsible for the transitions of different resonance frequencies in an NMR spectrum (Graaf, 2013). It is found that the interactions between different nuclei are responsible for the deviation of the spectra lines. Therefore, the splitting lines of spectra can be used to gain information about the closeness of different atoms in a molecule. NMR spectroscopy is therefore can be applied in a number of areas of science (Keeler, 2 011). It is observed that the chemists used NMR spectroscopy (simple one-dimensional techniques) regularly to observe the chemical structure (Jiang et al. 2011). On the other hand, the chemists used two-dimensional techniques to study the structures of complicated molecules (Morales et al. 2012). 3.0 Experimental Procedure Preparation of sample At first pure -D-glucose (89mg) was weighed and dissolved in of deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (d6-DMSO). Then the sample was pipette into a dry and clean NMR tube. After that, the the NMR tube was sealed with parafilm and labeled. At last the sample was subjected to the NMR spectrometer. NMR spectrometer There are three steps involved in acquiring a spectrum from NMR spectrometer and these are: Sample loading: At first, the NMR tube was placed in a sample holder, known as spinner. Depth gauge was used to maintain the correct height of the NMR tube. After that, the sample was positioned in the NMR sample tray waiting to be analyzed. Instrument Locking and Shimming. Data acquisition and processing It was found that NMR spectrum was modified using Spinworks software. SpinWorks is a software package for the dealing out of 1D and 2D data. Spinworks also included modules for the simulation, dynamic NMR spectra and analysis of second order spectra. It can perform spectral simulations to determine chemical shifts and coupling constant. All the information obtained below was obtained through Dr. Ramesh. Dr. Ramesh separated the class into many groups and each group visited the NMR device. The NMR devise is located in the basement of the chemistry department where the guide explained details about the NMR device working procedure. It is observed that many precautions steps need to be taken before running the NMR sequence. These steps are do not bring mobile phones, any metallic objects, coins, etc. near to the NMR sequence, since it may cause damage to the magnet. The guide also advised not to touch the NMR magnet as it can hamper the NMRs homogeneity properties. In addition, personne l with metallic im[plants and heart pace makers should not come near to the NMR spectrometer. 4.0 Results In figure2, hydrogen and carbons nuclei are numbered for -D-glucose molecule to interpret NMR result. In the following structure of glucose, 6 carbon atoms are shown, which are referring to 6 different environments. There are also 11 hydrogen atoms, which are referred to 10 different environments. Figure 2: Carbon and hydrogen nuclei numbering for -D-glucose molecule Table 1: 1H-NMR showing the chemical shift of assigned proton nuclei (Figure 2), its multiplicity patterns and the coupling constant J (Hz) Chemical shift, (ppm) Assigned nuclei multiplicity Coupling constant, J (Hz) 6.22 95-6.2395 O-H2 d, doublet 4.28 4.9046-4.884 C-H1 t, triplet 4.02,4.22 4.8232-4.8088 O-H8 d, doublet 5.76 4.7077-4.6959 O-H6 d, doublet 4.72 4.527-4.51 O-H4 d, doublet 68 4.4288-4.3389 O-H11 t, triplet 5.92, 5.7 3.6109-3.3645 C-H5,C-H9, C-H10,10 m, multiplet - 3.1288-2.9868 C-H3, C-H7 m, multiplet - Chemical shift, (ppm) Assigned nuclei multiplicity Coupling constant, J (Hz) 6.22 95-6.2395 O-H2 d, doublet 4.28 4.9046-4.884 C-H1 t, triplet 4.02,4.22 4.8232-4.8088 O-H8 d, doublet 5.76 4.7077-4.6959 O-H6 d, doublet 4.72 4.527-4.51 O-H4 d, doublet 68 4.4288-4.3389 O-H11 t, triplet 5.92, 5.7 3.6109-3.3645 C-H5,C-H9, C-H10,10 m, multiplet - 3.1288-2.9868 C-H3, C-H7 m, multiplet - Table 2: 13CNMR analysis showing the chemical shift of assigned carbon nucleiand its phasing behavior in 13C DEPT-135 NMR spectrum in (Figure 2) Assigned nuclei Chemical shift, (ppm) 13C-DEPT 135 PHASING C-1 92.13 CH- Positive C-3 72.97 CH- Positive C-2 72.24 CH- Positive C-5 71.92 CH- Positive C-4 70.54 CH-Positive C-6 61.06 CH2-Negative Table 3: shows the observed correlation of 1H nuclei (Figure 2) in 2D Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) NMR spectrum and 2D Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) NMR spectrum *C indicate 1H-1H nuclei in COSY spectrum, D indicate 1H-1H nuclei in TOCSY spectrum H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10.10' H11 H1 H2 C,D H3 C,D D H4 D D C,D D H5 D D C,D D H6 D D C,D H7 D C H8 D D C,D H9 D C,D D H10,10' D D C H11 D D D C,D Table 4: shows the observed correlation of 1H-13C nuclei (Figure 2) in 2D Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation (HSQC) NMR spectrum and 2D Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation (HMBC) spectrum *X symbol indicates1H-13C nuclei in HSQC, Y symbol indicate 1H-13C nuclei in HMBC C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 H1 X Y Y H2 Y X,Y H3 X,Y H4 Y Y Y X H5 Y Y X,Y H6 Y Y H7 Y Y Y H8 Y Y H9 H10,10 Y Y X H11 Y Y Discussions Many NMR techniques are used to analyze glucose molecule. In the H-NMR spectrum, it is found that C-H peaks are clustered and overlapped comparing to the O-H peaks, which are well separated among each other. The hydroxyl protons (O-H) are mostly located in the middle of the spectrum ranging from 4.34ppm to 4.82 ppm (except O-H2 that appeared more deshielded at approximately 6.2ppm). On the other hand, the C-H protons are mostly located at around 2.99ppm to 3.61ppm (except C-H1, which appeared at 4.9ppm). The proof of this pattern can be found in the 2D-HSQC spectrum in which the O-H region stated above was blank (showing no interaction) while the C-H regions showed correlation signal between the positioned carbon with its bonded hydrogen ( for example: C5-H5). HSQC helped to determine the correlation of hydrogen and carbon in a single bonded position. Hydroxyl protons are more deshielded compared to C-H protons due to the presence of electronegative atom, oxygen; which is the reason behind the shifting of hydroxyl-protons more to the left compared to C-H protons. The presence of electronegative atom pulls the electron density away from proton nucleus, which in turn makes it more vulnerable towards the applied magnetic field, thus appeared downfield of NMR spectrum. However, an exception of for this pattern is also observed. Further analysis of C-H nuclei at C-1 showed that it is highly deshielded compared to the other C-H nuclei. This is because of the same reasons as hydroxyl groups (the presence of an electron withdrawing atom, oxygen). In fact it is observed that the O-H proton at this carbon is the most deshielded one among its species located in the other carbon skeletons. Therefore, positioning the C-H protons and O-H protons on the skeleton of glucose is hard while only depending on the 1H-NMR spectrum. The reason is, the O-H groups of protons are rather quite the same chemical environment between one each other except O-H2, which are difficult to determ ine the sequence and it is also found that the C-H are even worse as it exist as multiples except for C-H1. Therefore, to locate the proton peak, 2D-COSY NMR analysis of this molecule is very helpful. 2D-COSY NMR is a technique, which is helpful to track the correlation of 1H-1H up to 3 bond lengths. By studying the correlation peaks of this spectrum one can resolve the complex multiplets of C-H protons in which for the first multiplet (=3.37ppm - 3.61ppm), there are four C-H protons resonate at this frequency: C-H5,C-H9 and C-H10,10and for the second multiplet (=3.37ppm - 3.61ppm) there are only two protons resonate: C-H3 and C-H7. It is found that the integral values in 1H-NMR is equivalent to the number of protons in each of this multiplet (which is 4.4 and 2.1 respectively). However, it is observed that the multiplicities of C-H protons are rather difficult to study except for C1-H1. On the other hand, The O-H proton splitting patterns are easy and simple to interpret. All of th e C1-H1 and O-H protons followed the multiplicity rules, (2nI+1). Such as, the reason behind the triplet appearance of C1-H1 peaks is that it is split by two hydrogen protons O-H2 and C-H3 and for the O-H11. In addition, it is also appeared as triplet because it is split by two hydrogens at C-6. In 1H NMR spectrum, the coupling constant can be observed. It is observed that J value for the splitting of O-H protons are larger compared to C-H protons. the analysis 13C NMR revealed there are 6 different environments of carbon atoms which one of it is highly deshielded and this is certainly C-1 due to the presence of oxygen atom bonded to it. C-6 is surrounded by more electrons due to the presence of two hydrogen atoms attached to it, therefore it is The most shielded carbon in this molecule. Evidence of this peak is C-6 can be observed, firstly in 13C-DEPT 135, but in the chemical shift the peak is negative phasing (indicate CH2), however, the other CH carbons are in the positive phasin g. In HSQC spectrum, it is found that there are two spots plotted at F1 axis of around 61.0 ppm (the carbon is directly bonded to two hydrogen atoms). The other carbon peaks appeared in the 13C NMR spectrum was also being determined by studying the correlation patterns in HSQC NMR. The HMBC NMR spectrum and TOCSY NMR spectrum were used to confirm the structure once again. In TOCSY NMR, the interaction of 1H-1H nuclei up to five chemical bonding is observed. As an example, an interaction observed between C-H1 and O-H6, which is in this molecule, is 5 bonding apart. Examples of interaction of 4 bonding includes O-H8 with C-H5 and C-H5 with C-H1. On the other hand, HMBC is helpful to observe the heteronuclear interaction of 1H-13C nuclei typically 2-4 bonds away. Due to peaks overlapping, In this experiment it is difficult to observe a single interaction between carbons in the position of C2 up to C5. The interaction presented in Table 4 for C2, C3, C4 and C5 is just a rough plotting b ased on the theoretical concept of these techniques. However, a clear isolation of peaks spotting for C1 and C6 are found in this glucose spectrum. The interaction of C1 with H4 and H2 were clearly observed as well as the interaction of C6 with H7 and H11. 6.0 Conclusion It is found that new beginning in carbohydrate researches being fostered by a blend of new synthetic methods and developments in analytic techniques. NMR spectroscopy is sure to play an important role in the carbohydrate study since, it has a capability to provide close structural details of Biomolecular interactions. To analyze the structural properties of -D-(+) -glucose molecule application of NMR spectroscopy offers the unique capacity. With 1H-NMR and 13C NMR coupling constant, the chemical shift, integral values of each nuclei peak and multiplicity patterns can be observed. On the other hand, 2D HMQC NMR and 2DCOSY NMR is helpful to locate each of these nuclei into its position in the cyclic form of the glucose molecule. In addition, 2D HMBC and 2D TOCSY are strong tools used in evidencing of each of these nuclei located in the molecule. 7.0 References: De Graaf, R. A. (2013).In vivo NMR spectroscopy: principles and techniques. John Wiley Sons. Flores-Morales, A., Jimnez-Estrada, M., Mora-Escobedo, R. (2012). Determination of the structural changes by FT-IR, Raman, and CP/MAS 13 C NMR spectroscopy on retrograded starch of maize tortillas.Carbohydrate Polymers,87(1), 61-68. Gnther, H. (2013).NMR spectroscopy: basic principles, concepts and applications in chemistry. John Wiley Sons. Jiang, F., Zhu, Q., Ma, D., Liu, X., Han, X. (2011). Direct conversion and NMR observation of cellulose to glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) catalyzed by the acidic ionic liquids.Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical,334(1), 8-12. Keeler, J. (2011).Understanding NMR spectroscopy. John Wiley Sons. Stothers, J. (2012).Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy(Vol. 24). Elsevier.

Revive Network How-to Automatically Share Other Websites Content

Sharing other peoples content on social media is a great way to get noticed and build a stronger social network. With that being said, doing it manually is a huge time-sink, which is why it can be helpful to find a way to automatically share other websites content on your social media accounts.While there are non-WordPress tools like Buffer that help you to automatically share other websites content, the Revive Network plugin lets you automate the whole process without having to ever leave your WordPress dashboard.In this post, Ill give you a detailed tutorial on how to automatically share other websites content using the Revive Network plugin. Ill cover the whole process, from zero to checking out your queue of scheduled social media posts. What does Revive Network do?Revive Network helps you grow your social community and network by letting you automatically share content based on targeted RSS feeds that you add to the plugin.You can create templates to give your social shares a hu man touch, add relevant hashtags, and even tack on UTM tags to help get you noticed.If youd like to learn more about the plugin, I encourage you to check out the product page.Otherwise, Im going to jump straight into showing you how to automatically share other websites content and grow your network using Revive Network.Step 0: Install Revive Network and input your license keyBefore you can automatically share other websites content, youll need to actually install and activate the Revive Network plugin. Yup, were starting at the beginning here!Because Revive Network is a premium plugin, youll need to upload the ZIP file that you get after purchasing the plugin. You can learn how to install a plugin that way here.Once you install and activate Revive Network, enter your license key by going to Settings → General and scrolling down to the Revive Network license area:Step 1: Create a Twitter or Facebook applicationOnce youve got the plugin activated, youre ready to start setting it up.The first thing you need to do is create a Twitter and/or Facebook app.You can do this by going to Revive Network → Apps. For both Twitter and Facebook, you can find detailed instructions for how to create the app by clicking on the marked link:Ill show the steps for the Twitter app but remember that you can always find instructions for Facebook by clicking that link.To create your Twitter App, go here and click Create New App:On the next screen, you need to fill out Application Details. For the first three fields, you can enter whatever youd like. That is, the information wont be seen by anyone but you.But for the Callback URL, make sure that you enter the following:YOURDOMAIN.COM/wp-admin/admin.php?page=revive-networkThen, click Create your Twitter application at the bottom.On the next screen, click on the Keys and Access Tokens tab. From there, youll need to copy the API Key and API Secret into your Revive Network dashboard:Paste those values into the relevant boxes and click Save Settings:If youd like to share posts on Facebook, as well, youll need to complete a similar process for Facebook by going to the Facebook tab and following the instructions:Otherwise, youre ready to continue on.Step 2: Connect the social profile(s) you want to automatically share other websites content toNext up, head to the Accounts tab of Revive Network. Here, youll need to connect your actual social profiles.Youll only see options for the network(s) that you created an app for. For example, I only created a Twitter app, so all I see is an option to add a Twitter account.To get started, click the Add Account button:Assuming that youre logged into Twitter, all you need to do is click the Authorize app button:If you added a Facebook app, youll need to repeat the same process for Facebook.Step 3: Set up your RSS feedsOk, now youre ready to start adding feeds for the content that you want to share. RSS feeds are what actually allow you to automatically share other webs ites content.Basically, youll need to find the RSS feed for the website or influencer whose content you want to share. In our post about importing RSS feeds into WordPress, we talk about some strategies for finding WordPress feeds.Generally, because most blogs are based on WordPress nowadays, a neat trick is to just append /feed to the end of any WordPress sites URL to find its RSS feed.Once you have the feed you want to share content from, go to the Feeds tab of Revive Network and fill in the options:Feed Name this is purely internal make it something thats easy for you to rememberFeed URL enter the direct URL to the RSS feed you foundFacebook Handle if youre sharing on Facebook, enter the username or page name that you want to mention (including the @ sign)Twitter Handle if youre sharing on Twitter, enter the username of the account you want to mention (including the @ sign)Linked to if you linked more than one of your own social media accounts, you can choose specific accou nts here.Once youre finished, click Save Feed.Step 4: Create templates for the content you want to shareOne of the neat things about Revive Network is that it lets you create one or more custom templates to structure your Tweets or Facebook posts.You can also use dynamic variables to automatically insert relevant information about the post title and/or person youre referencing.By default, the plugin includes three templates. But you can always go in and delete those templates and/or add your own custom templates.To do that, go to the Templates tab and click Add New:Heres what the various fields mean:Template Name just for internal use make it something thats easy to rememberFacebook check this box to use this template for Facebook postsTwitter check this box to use this template for Twitter postsAs for Template Content, it deserves more than a bullet point. Basically, youre going to mix plain text with the Magic Tags below the box.Lets say the most recent post youre going to sha re is a post from @Themeisle titled How to Use Revive NetworkIf you put this in the Template Content box:Check out this great post from {mention}: {title} {link_w_utm}When Revive Network uses that template, it will automatically convert the magic tags into actual data from the post. So it would look like this:Check out this great post from @ThemeIsle: How to Use Revive Network https://themeisle.com/blog/automatically-share-other-websites-content/In reality, the real URL would contain your UTM tags, but this is just an example.Speaking ofonce you save your template, go to the Edit UTM Tags tab to configure your UTM tags.Setting up your UTM tagsUTM tags help your traffic show up in the analytics logs of the websites that you refer traffic to. Its a small thing, but it gives you credit for the traffic and helps influencers notice (and appreciate) that youre sending them traffic.By default, the plugin will fill in the UTM tags based on your sites URL. Most of the time, you can just leav e these as the default. But if you want to edit them, you can do that here:Just like with the templates, you can use magic tags to insert dynamic information. The {network} tag will change to twitter or facebook depending on the actual network that you share the post on.Step 5: Configure how often to share contentAt this point, youre all ready to start sharing! Before you do that, though, you should tell the plugin how often you actually want to share.To do that, go to Schedule and then click on the Share Settings:Usually, you can leave these as the defaults. But if you want to configure them further, heres what each option means:Check interval how often the plugin checks RSS feeds for new postsPosts to share how many posts to share when the plugin finds new posts in a feed.Twitter share interval how often to wait between sharing on TwitterFacebook share interval how long to wait between sharing on FacebookPurge posts interval how long to store posts from a feed (for sharing) b efore the plugin clears it from the listStep 6: Start sharing and monitor your scheduled postsNows the point when you can hit the Start Sharing button to kick the plugin into gear!Once you start sharing, you can monitor exactly what will be shared and when by going to the Scheduled tabYou can also remove individual shares by hovering over them and choosing Remove Share. And if you ever want to stop sharing, just click the Stop Sharing button to put the plugin on pause.Its easy to automatically share other websites content Similarly, you can quickly remove existing feeds if you no longer want to share them.If you have any other questions about how to automatically share other websites content with Revive Network, leave a comment and well try to help out!